Use MainAxisAlignment.spaceBetween instead of MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly and set the horizontal padding the same as the card below the buttons.
It's going to be like this (Check out also the live demo on DartPad):

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
void main() {
runApp(const MyApp());
}
const defaultColor = Color.fromARGB(255, 68, 155, 162);
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
const MyApp({Key? key}) : super(key: key);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Flutter Demo',
theme: ThemeData(
appBarTheme: const AppBarTheme(
centerTitle: false,
backgroundColor: Color.fromARGB(255, 68, 155, 162),
),
),
home: const MyHomePage(),
debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
);
}
}
class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
const MyHomePage({Key? key}) : super(key: key);
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: const Text('iPV HealthPlus'),
),
body: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.start,
children: [
const SizedBox(height: 16),
Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 32),
child: Row(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceBetween,
children: [
buildIntervalButton('Diario', selected: true),
buildIntervalButton('Semanal', selected: false),
buildIntervalButton('Mensal', selected: false),
],
),
),
Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(32, 16, 32, 16),
child: Container(
height: 100,
decoration: BoxDecoration(
color: defaultColor,
borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(12),
),
),
)
],
),
);
}
Widget buildIntervalButton(
String text, {
required bool selected,
}) {
return SizedBox(
height: 40,
child: ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () {},
style: ButtonStyle(
elevation: MaterialStateProperty.all(0),
backgroundColor: MaterialStateProperty.all(
selected ? defaultColor : Colors.white),
foregroundColor: MaterialStateProperty.all(
selected ? Colors.white : defaultColor),
shape: MaterialStateProperty.all(
RoundedRectangleBorder(
borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(20),
side: const BorderSide(color: defaultColor)),
)),
child: Text(text),
),
);
}
}