Search and get the first string and index from a string arrays in C

Your code has a buffer overflow, which is a very dangerous kind of undefined behaviour.

The following line

char code[4];

declares an array of char that can hold up to 3 characters plus a null-terminator character, which add up to 4 characters total. This is because C strings are null-terminated.

When you attempt to scan a 4 character string (don't forget the 5th \0 that's added automatically) into a 3 character buffer (plus the 4th \0), your code overflows. Therefore, you need to change the line above to

char code[5];

That said, your code is far from being trouble-safe. And yes, I mean that scanf() call. I suggest you read this post as it explains the pitfalls of that function, and provides alternative solutions.

Here is a better version of your code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(void)
{
    char *codes[] = { // Let your array be flexible in case you want to add to it later.
        "VVVV", "VVVB", "VVBV", "VVBB",
        "VBVV", "VBVB", "VBBV", "VBBB",
        "BVVV", "BVVB", "BVBV", "BVBB",
        "BBVV", "BBVB", "BBBV", "BBBB"
    };
    
    // Computes the size (number of items) of an array object.
    // Doesn't work for pointers to arrays.
    // Also, use size_t as it's the appropriate type for sizes.
    size_t ncodes = sizeof(codes) / sizeof(codes[0]);
    
    char code[5]; // <-- 4 characters + \0
    printf("Enter code to search: ");
    
    if (scanf(" %4[^\n]", code) != 1) {
        printf("Error: scanf() failed.\n");
        return 1;
    }
    
    bool found = false;
    
    for(size_t j = 0; j < ncodes; ++j) {
        if (strcmp(code, codes[j]) == 0) {
            printf("Code found at index: %zu\n", j);
            found = true;
            break; // Stop looping when you find the first occurence
        }
    }
    
    if (!found) {
        printf("Code %s not found.\n", code);
    }
}