Is there a way to filter the exposed dropdown menu options depending on the value of another exposed dropdown menu in compose?

You just need to recompose your sub ExposedDropDownMenu with new data. I add a sample

@Composable
private fun SubSelectionComposable() {
    val list = listOf("SelectionA", "SelectionB", "SelectionC")
    val subListA = listOf("SubA1", "SubA2", "SubA3")
    val subListB = listOf("SubB1", "SubB2", "SubB3")
    val subListC = listOf("SubC1", "SubC2", "SubC3")


    var mainSelection by remember { mutableStateOf(-1) }
    var subSelection by remember { mutableStateOf(-1) }

    val subList = remember(mainSelection) {
        when(mainSelection){
            1-> subListB
            2-> subListC
            else-> subListA
        }
    }

    ExposedSelectionMenu(
        modifier =Modifier,
        index = mainSelection,
        options = list,
        title = "Main Selection",
        onSelected = {
            mainSelection = it
            subSelection = 0
        }
    )

    ExposedSelectionMenu(
        modifier =Modifier,
        index = subSelection,
        options = subList,
        title = "Sub Selection",
        onSelected = {
            subSelection = it

        }
    )
}

I set indexes -1 as default, it can be 0 too. Purpose of setting -1 is to know whether user picked anything or not.

Result

This my ExposedMenu, you can have your own

@OptIn(ExperimentalMaterial3Api::class)
@Composable
fun ExposedSelectionMenu(
    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
    index: Int,
    title: String? = null,
    textStyle: TextStyle = TextStyle(
        fontWeight = FontWeight.W600,
        fontSize = 14.sp
    ),
    colors: TextFieldColors = ExposedDropdownMenuDefaults.textFieldColors(
        containerColor = Color.Transparent,
        focusedIndicatorColor = Color.Transparent,
        unfocusedIndicatorColor = Color.Transparent,
        disabledIndicatorColor = Color.Transparent
    ),
    options: List<String>,
    onSelected: (Int) -> Unit
) {

    var expanded by remember { mutableStateOf(false) }
    var selectedOptionText = options[index.coerceAtLeast(0)]

    ExposedDropdownMenuBox(
        modifier = modifier,
        expanded = expanded,
        onExpandedChange = {
            expanded = !expanded
        }
    ) {
        TextField(
            modifier = modifier,
            readOnly = true,
            value = selectedOptionText,
            onValueChange = { },
            label = {
                title?.let {
                    Text(it)
                }
            },
            trailingIcon = {
                ExposedDropdownMenuDefaults.TrailingIcon(
                    expanded = expanded
                )
            },
            colors = colors,
            textStyle = textStyle
        )
        ExposedDropdownMenu(
            expanded = expanded,
            onDismissRequest = {
                expanded = false

            }
        ) {
            options.forEachIndexed { index: Int, selectionOption: String ->
                DropdownMenuItem(
                    onClick = {
                        selectedOptionText = selectionOption
                        expanded = false
                        onSelected(index)
                    },
                    text = {
                        Text(text = selectionOption)
                    }
                )
            }
        }
    }
}