My manuscript uses \begin{figure}...\end{figure} to both images and code fragments.
However, I want that code fragments are titled "Code 1. ..." and not "Figure 1. ...", while the pictures are still titled "Figure 1. ...".
What I can find is only how to change figure titles for the whole document.
You can use the float package to create new float types:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{float}
\newfloat{Code}{htbp}{loc}
\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\caption{a figure}
\end{figure}
\begin{Code}[htbp]
\caption{some code}
\end{Code}
\end{document}
(although the result would be better if instead of images, you'd use a proper source code package to include the code, e.g. listings or minted)