Jetpack Compose - Make Image scale to the available size in Column/Row

You haven't used Modifier.weight on the correct child. It should be applied to the view, which you need to fill the rest of the parent.

The parent will divide the vertical space remaining after measuring unweighted child elements and distribute it according to this weight.

Modifier.weight has argument fill with default parameter true. This default parameter works same as Modifier.fillMaxHeight() (in case of Column), if you don't need to fill all height available, you can specify false:

Column(
    modifier = Modifier
        .fillMaxSize()
        .background(Color.Cyan)
        .padding(horizontal = 16.dp),
    verticalArrangement = Arrangement.SpaceEvenly,
    horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
) {
    val painter = painterResource(R.drawable.ic_redo)
    Image(
        modifier = Modifier.weight(1f, fill = false)
            .aspectRatio(painter.intrinsicSize.width / painter.intrinsicSize.height)
            .fillMaxWidth(),
        painter = painter,
        contentDescription = null,
        contentScale = ContentScale.Fit
    )
    Column(
        horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
        modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth()
    ) {
        repeat(20) {
            Text(text = "${it}")
        }
    }
}

It seems to your image size is less than the screen max width, for that reason the container of the image fill the width, but the image remains small, if you fill the height on the image it scales correctly but the image container fills all space leaving below the list. You could try setting and aspect ratio to the modifier to prevent container from filling all available space:

...
val painter = painterResource(id = R.drawable.ic_dismiss_24)
Image(
  modifier = Modifier
                .aspectRatio(ratio = painter.intrinsicSize.height / 
  painter.intrinsicSize.width)
                .fillMaxWidth()
                .fillMaxHeight(),
  painter = painter,
  contentDescription = null,
  contentScale = ContentScale.Fit
)
...

Couldn't get it work right using a Column, but I succeeded using a ConstraintLayout and Nestor's help with the aspectRatio.

ConstraintLayout(
    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize()
) {
    val (button, text) = createRefs()

    val painter = painterResource(R.drawable.rocket_boy)
    Image(
        modifier = Modifier
            .aspectRatio(ratio = painter.intrinsicSize.width /
                    painter.intrinsicSize.height)
            .padding(16.dp)
            .constrainAs(text) {
                top.linkTo(parent.top)
                bottom.linkTo(button.top)
                height = Dimension.preferredWrapContent
                width = Dimension.preferredWrapContent
                start.linkTo(parent.start)
                end.linkTo(parent.end)
            },
        painter = painter,
        contentDescription = null,
        contentScale = ContentScale.Fit
    )

    Column(Modifier.constrainAs(button) {
        bottom.linkTo(parent.bottom, margin = 16.dp)
        top.linkTo(text.bottom)
        start.linkTo(parent.start)
        end.linkTo(parent.end)
        height = Dimension.wrapContent
    }) {
        repeat(5) {
            Text(text = "$it")
        }
    }
}

But if someone thinks that it can still be done with a Column instead of a ConstraintLayout, he can post an answer and I may accept it.

If we consider the height of the parent Column - as the sum of the heights of the Image and the nested Column - it can be argued that the height of your Image should be equal to the remainder of the height, after subtracting from the height of the parent Column - the height of the nested Column.

var textInColumnSize by remember { mutableStateOf(Size.Zero) }
var globalColumnSize by remember { mutableStateOf(Size.Zero) }
val imageHeight: Dp =
    LocalDensity.current.run { (globalColumnSize.height - 
    textInColumnSize.height).toDp() }

Column(
    modifier = Modifier
        .fillMaxSize()
        .onGloballyPositioned { coordinates ->
            globalColumnSize = coordinates.size.toSize()
        }
        .background(Color.Cyan)
        .padding(horizontal = 16.dp),
    horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally,
    verticalArrangement = Arrangement.SpaceEvenly
) {

    Image(
        modifier = Modifier
            .fillMaxWidth()
            .height(imageHeight),
        painter = painterResource(R.drawable.rocket_boy),
        contentDescription = null,
    )
    Column(
        modifier = Modifier
            .fillMaxWidth()
            .onGloballyPositioned { coordinates ->
                textInColumnSize = coordinates.size.toSize()
            },
        horizontalAlignment = Alignment.CenterHorizontally
    ) {
        repeat(10) {
            Text(text = "$it")
        }
    }
}