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A large number of users are complaining that they receive the following error when trying to install the latest update of my application (see image below). I have been unable to replicate this issue myself. Have logged issue with Google, but they don't seem to know what is causing this either (asking for developer bug reports, but I feel uncomfortable walking users through how to do this). I've seen a few other posts about this topic, but no solutions. Any ideas on what could be the cause?

Things I have considered:

• uses-permission - I haven't added any this release
• uses-feature - I haven't added any this release
• Package name has not been modified in this release
• Min/target/compile sdk version - no changes made this release (min 24/target 30/compil 30)

Two changes I did make, but I don't suspect being an issue are:

• I did change the android:label field in the application's manifest for <application>
• I have added an exception to cleartextpermitted

Example error below:

And manifest:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:sharedUserId="XXX..shared"
package="XXX">

<uses-feature
    android:name="android.hardware.camera"
    android:required="true" />
<uses-feature
    android:name="android.hardware.sensor.compass"
    android:required="true" />
<!--<uses-feature
    android:glEsVersion="0x00020000"
    android:required="true" />-->
<uses-feature
    android:glEsVersion="0x00030002"
    android:required="true" />


<queries>
    <!-- Explicit apps you know in advance about: -->
    <package android:name="XXX"/>
    <package android:name="XXX2"/>
    <package android:name="XXX3"/>
</queries>


<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
    android:maxSdkVersion="28"
    tools:ignore="ScopedStorage" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
    android:maxSdkVersion="28" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO" />
<uses-permission android:name="com.android.vending.BILLING" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />

<application
    android:name="XXX"
    android:allowBackup="true"
    android:fullBackupContent="true"
    android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
    android:label="XXX"
    android:usesCleartextTraffic="false"
    android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
    android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config">

    <provider
        android:authorities="XXX"
        android:name="XXX.SharedPreferencesContentProvider"
        android:exported="true"
        android:protectionLevel="signature">
    </provider>

    <activity
        android:name=".MainActivity"
        android:label="XXX"
        android:screenOrientation="fullSensor"
        android:theme="@style/SplashTheme"
        >
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
            <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
        </intent-filter>
    </activity>
    ...

</application>

</manifest>

EDIT: Suspect that the following line in my manifest may be the culprit:

android:sharedUserId="XXX..shared"

Releasing new version, will keep you updated.