This is an initial answer (which is incorrect, as I incorrectly understood the question, see edit below for a corrected answer).
A natural way to do it is:
julia> collect(Iterators.product(fill(directions, k)...))
2×2×2 Array{Tuple{String, String, String}, 3}:
[:, :, 1] =
("same", "same", "same") ("same", "reversed", "same")
("reversed", "same", "same") ("reversed", "reversed", "same")
[:, :, 2] =
("same", "same", "reversed") ("same", "reversed", "reversed")
("reversed", "same", "reversed") ("reversed", "reversed", "reversed")
since you do not really need the numbers 1,2,3 here as they are encoded by the index. Also using tuples instead of vectors should be a bit more efficient in this case.
If you want to add them and convert the result to a vector of vectors per your question then do:
julia> [vcat.(1:k, x) for x in Iterators.product(fill(directions, k)...)]
2×2×2 Array{Vector{Vector{Any}}, 3}:
[:, :, 1] =
[[1, "same"], [2, "same"], [3, "same"]] [[1, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [3, "same"]] [[1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "same"]]
[:, :, 2] =
[[1, "same"], [2, "same"], [3, "reversed"]] [[1, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[1, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [3, "reversed"]] [[1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]]
finally if you want a vector then do:
julia> [vcat.(1:k, x) for x in Iterators.product(fill(directions, k)...)] |> vec
8-element Vector{Vector{Vector{Any}}}:
[[1, "same"], [2, "same"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "same"], [2, "same"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[1, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[1, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]]
EDIT
Is this what you want then:
julia> using Combinatorics
julia> x1 = permutations(segments)
Combinatorics.Permutations{Vector{Int64}}([1, 2, 3], 3)
julia> x2 = Iterators.product(fill(directions, k)...)
Base.Iterators.ProductIterator{Tuple{Vector{String}, Vector{String}, Vector{String}}}((["same", "reversed"], ["same", "reversed"], ["same", "reversed"]))
julia> [vcat.(v...) for v in Iterators.product(x1, x2)]
6×2×2×2 Array{Vector{Vector{Any}}, 4}:
[:, :, 1, 1] =
[[1, "same"], [2, "same"], [3, "same"]] [[1, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "same"], [3, "same"], [2, "same"]] [[1, "reversed"], [3, "same"], [2, "same"]]
[[2, "same"], [1, "same"], [3, "same"]] [[2, "reversed"], [1, "same"], [3, "same"]]
[[2, "same"], [3, "same"], [1, "same"]] [[2, "reversed"], [3, "same"], [1, "same"]]
[[3, "same"], [1, "same"], [2, "same"]] [[3, "reversed"], [1, "same"], [2, "same"]]
[[3, "same"], [2, "same"], [1, "same"]] [[3, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [1, "same"]]
[:, :, 2, 1] =
[[1, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "same"]] [[1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "same"]]
[[1, "same"], [3, "reversed"], [2, "same"]] [[1, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"], [2, "same"]]
[[2, "same"], [1, "reversed"], [3, "same"]] [[2, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"], [3, "same"]]
[[2, "same"], [3, "reversed"], [1, "same"]] [[2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"], [1, "same"]]
[[3, "same"], [1, "reversed"], [2, "same"]] [[3, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"], [2, "same"]]
[[3, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [1, "same"]] [[3, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [1, "same"]]
[:, :, 1, 2] =
[[1, "same"], [2, "same"], [3, "reversed"]] [[1, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[1, "same"], [3, "same"], [2, "reversed"]] [[1, "reversed"], [3, "same"], [2, "reversed"]]
[[2, "same"], [1, "same"], [3, "reversed"]] [[2, "reversed"], [1, "same"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[2, "same"], [3, "same"], [1, "reversed"]] [[2, "reversed"], [3, "same"], [1, "reversed"]]
[[3, "same"], [1, "same"], [2, "reversed"]] [[3, "reversed"], [1, "same"], [2, "reversed"]]
[[3, "same"], [2, "same"], [1, "reversed"]] [[3, "reversed"], [2, "same"], [1, "reversed"]]
[:, :, 2, 2] =
[[1, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]] [[1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[1, "same"], [3, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"]] [[1, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"]]
[[2, "same"], [1, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]] [[2, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"]]
[[2, "same"], [3, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"]] [[2, "reversed"], [3, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"]]
[[3, "same"], [1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"]] [[3, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"]]
[[3, "same"], [2, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"]] [[3, "reversed"], [2, "reversed"], [1, "reversed"]]