You can use Properties Service of Apps Script.
This service allows scripts to store strings as key-value pairs scoped
to one script, one user of a script, or one document in which an
editor add-on is used.
In your case, there are 2 options you can choose. Script Properties and User Properties.
The difference between the two is the content of Script Properties are shared to all users while User Properties is only available to the current user of a script, add-on, or web app.
Here I created an example of how to use Properties.
function setProperties(lastName = "Test Last Name", email = "Test Email", phone = "Test Phone"){
var scriptProperties = PropertiesService.getScriptProperties();
scriptProperties.setProperties({'lastName': lastName, 'email': email, 'phone':phone})
}
function readProperties(){
var scriptProperties = PropertiesService.getScriptProperties();
Logger.log(scriptProperties.getProperties());
}
Here I run the readProperties() function first and the result is

Then I run the 'setProperties()' and rerun the readProperties() function again:

I reload the script page and ran the readProperties() function:

To add it in your script, you can set the properties in AddUserInputToSheet() and call it anywhere in your script.
Example:
function AddUserInputToSheet(gender, firstName, lastName, age, email, phone) {
var url = 'SHEET_URL';
var ss = SpreadsheetApp.openByUrl(url);
var webAppSheet = ss.getSheetByName("SHEET_NAME");
webAppSheet.appendRow([gender, firstName, lastName, age, email, phone]);
var scriptProperties = PropertiesService.getScriptProperties();
scriptProperties.setProperties({'lastName': lastName, 'email': email, 'phone':phone})
}
function someFunction(){
var scriptProperties = PropertiesService.getScriptProperties();
var data = scriptProperties.getProperties();
var lastName = data["lastName"];
var email = data["email"];
var phone = data["phone"];
//some operations here
}