Why do I get 0 rows when I join multiple table with a personal id?

Given the poor design you have to work with you have a struggle here.

Here is sample data and ddl in case anybody wants to play along.

create table Wardrobe
(
    ID int
    , owner_id varchar(10)
    , cid varchar(10)
    , Name varchar(20)
    , Type varchar(10)
)

insert Wardrobe
select 1, 'poa', 'sho-1', 'SnakeSpeed', 'Shoes' union all
select 2, 'poa', 'shi-1', 'SimpleT', 'Shirt' union all
select 3, 'poa', 'so-21', 'White model', 'Sockets'

insert Wardrobe
select 4, 'poa', 'so-22', 'green', 'Sockets'

create table Shoes
(
    ID int
    , Clothes_ID varchar(10)
    , Size varchar(10)
)

insert Shoes
select 1, 'sho-1', '42'

create table Shirts
(
    ID int
    , Clothes_ID varchar(10)
    , Size varchar(10)
)

insert Shirts
select 1, 'shi-1', 'M'

create table Sockets
(
    ID int
    , Clothes_ID varchar(10)
    , Size varchar(10)
)

insert Sockets
select 2, 'so-22', 'M'

There are probably some other ways to deal with this. But this example will work even if they a single person has only two shoes and a single shirt with no sockets. I started by isolating each set of rows using some ctes and row_number. Then munge them back together with some conditional aggregation.

declare @Owner varchar(10) = 'poa';

with cteShoes as
(
    select w.ID
        , w.owner_id
        , w.Name
        , sho.Size
        , RowNum = ROW_NUMBER() over(order by w.Name)
    from Wardrobe w     
    join Shoes sho on sho.Clothes_ID = w.cid and w.Type = 'Shoes'
    where w.owner_id = @Owner
)
, cteShirts as
(
    select w.ID
        , w.owner_id
        , w.Name
        , shi.Size
        , RowNum = ROW_NUMBER() over(order by w.Name)
    from Wardrobe w 
    join Shirts shi on shi.Clothes_ID = w.cid and w.Type = 'Shirt'
    where w.owner_id = @Owner
)
, cteSockets as
(
    select w.ID
        , w.owner_id
        , w.Name
        , soc.Size
        , RowNum = ROW_NUMBER() over(order by w.Name)
    from Wardrobe w 
    join Sockets soc on soc.Clothes_ID = w.cid and w.Type = 'Sockets'
    where w.owner_id = @Owner
)

select Owner = coalesce(sho.owner_id, shi.owner_id, soc.owner_id)
    , Shoes = max(case when sho.RowNum is not null then sho.Name end)
    , ShoesSize = max(case when sho.RowNum is not null then sho.Size end)
    , Shirt = max(case when shi.RowNum is not null then shi.Name end)
    , ShirtSize = max(case when shi.RowNum is not null then shi.Size end)
    , Sockets = max(case when soc.RowNum is not null then soc.Name end)
    , SocketsSize = max(case when soc.RowNum is not null then soc.Size end)
from cteShoes sho
full outer join cteShirts shi on shi.RowNum = sho.RowNum
full outer join cteSockets soc on soc.RowNum = sho.RowNum
group by coalesce(sho.ID, shi.ID, soc.ID)
    , coalesce(sho.owner_id, shi.owner_id, soc.owner_id)

Use left joins since there are no shirts for this user

SELECT w.*, shoes.*, shirt.*
FROM (SELECT distinct cid, owner_id FROM wardrobe) w
LEFT JOIN (SELECT cid, clothes_id
           FROM wardrobe WHERE type ='Shoes') shoelink ON shoelink.cid = w.cid
LEFT JOIN shoes sho on sho.clothes_id = shoelink.cid 
LEFT JOIN (SELECT cid, clothes_id
           FROM wardrobe WHERE type ='Shirt') shirtlink ON shirtlink.cid = w.cid
LEFT JOIN shirt shi on shi.clothes_id = shirtlink.cid
where w.owner_id = 'poa'

I am not sure why you need to join any table because they are not adding anything to your results - unless you have oversimplified.

Based on your results this will do.

But, if an owner has more than one pair of shoes etc, you need to tell us what you want to see in your results.

SELECT
  owner_id AS owner,
  MAX(CASE WHEN type = 'shoes' THEN name END) AS shoes,
  MAX(CASE WHEN type = 'shirt' THEN name END) AS shirt,
  MAX(CASE WHEN type = 'sockets' THEN name END) AS sockets
FROM w
GROUP BY owner_id