Checking if user-provided value is integer and if not asking for a correct value

Making sure that user's input is really an integer is quite tricky in C, and scanf() isn't gonna help you much (even if used correctly, it still won't warn you about integer overflows, for instance).

One alternative is to read a line using fgets() and then parse it with atoi(), but fgets() will give you headaches when input line is longer than maximum length. Also, atoi() won't let you know if the number is valid or not (technically it does catch some errors, but you cannot distinguish them from 0), so it may be replaced with strtol().

Therefore, this is a possible approach:

#include <stdio.h> // printf(), fflush(), fgetc(), EOF
#include <errno.h> // errno
#include <stdlib.h> // EXIT_SUCCESS, EXIT_FAILURE, strtol()

#define MAX_LINE_SIZE 100 // this is the maximum size that a user's input line can be

// FUNCTION: int get_line_and_discard(char[], int);
// this function will help us read a line from `stdin`, and if user's line is longer than `str_size - 1`, the function will discard all user input until '\n'
// this will help us avoid some bugs around the use of `fgets()`
// RETURN VALUE: -1 in case of EOF or other fatal errors, 0 in case user's line is too long or empty, otherwise the line's length
// NOTE: `str` will not contain the newline and will always be NUL-terminated in case return value is >= 0
int get_line_and_discard(char str[], int str_size) {
  if (str_size < 1) {
    return -1;
  }

  int count = 0;

  while (1) {
    int c = fgetc(stdin);

    if (c == EOF) {
      return -1;
    }

    if (c == '\n') {
      str[count] = '\0';
      return count;
    }

    if (count >= str_size - 1) {
      while (1) {
        int temp = fgetc(stdin);
        if (temp == '\n' || temp == EOF) {
          break;
        }
      }
      str[0] = '\0';
      return 0;
    }

    str[count] = (char) c;

    count += 1;
  }
}

// FUNCTION: int get_number_from_user(const char*, long*);
// this function will print `ask_str` and will read a `long` integer from user
// RETURN VALUE: -1 in case of fatal errors (e.g.: EOF), 0 in case number is not valid, 1 in case of success
int get_number_from_user(const char *ask_str, long* result) {
  // print the `ask_str`
  printf("%s", ask_str);
  fflush(stdout);

  char str[MAX_LINE_SIZE];

  // read a line from `stdin`
  int slen = get_line_and_discard(str, MAX_LINE_SIZE);

  // in case of EOF or fatal errors
  if (slen < 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  // in case line is empty
  if (slen < 1) {
    return 0;
  }

  // now let's use `strtol()` to parse the number
  char *str_end;
  errno = 0;
  *result = strtol(str, &str_end, 10);

  // check that `strtol()` has not failed
  if (errno != 0 || str_end != &str[slen] || str == str_end) {
    return 0;
  }

  return 1;
}

And this is how you use it:

int main(void) {
  long res;

  // ask the user to input a number until the number is valid
  while (1) {
    int r = get_number_from_user("Insert number: ", &res);

    if (r < 0) {
      printf("ERROR: fatal error\n");
      return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    if (r == 0) {
      printf("ERROR: invalid number, please retry.\n");
      continue;
    }

    break;
  }

  printf("You have input: %ld\n", res);

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

I want to check if every entered value is integer

Instead of printf(...); scanf("%i", ...);, form a helper function.

int get_int(const char *prompt) {
  int value = 0;
  for (;;) {
    fputs(prompt, stdout);
    int count = scanf("%i", &value);
    if (count == 1) {
      return value;
    } 
    if (count == EOF) { // No more input
      return 0; // or some other default value.
    } 
    // No numeric input, consume rest of the line
    puts("value is not integer");
    int ch;
    while ((ch = getchar()) != '\n' && ch != EOF) {
      ;
    }
  }
}


....
// printf("Type your current altitude: ");
// scanf("%i", &ca);
ca = get_int("Type your current altitude: ");

// printf("\nType your target altitude: ");
// scanf("%i", &ta);
ta = get_int("Type your target altitude: ");

More elaborate input error checking possible with fgets(), strtol().

You can do it easily if you declare your variables as a string, then later if it is correct, you can change it to an integer.

char user_input[100];
scanf("%s", &user_input);
while (!is_int(user_input))
{
    scanf("%s", &user_input);
}
int number = atoi(user_input);

The function:

int is_int(char* user_input)
{
    int i = 0;
    while (user_input[i])
    {
        int num = user_input[i];
        if (!(num >= '0' && num <= '9'))
        {
            return 0;
        }
        i++;
    }
    return 1;
}