R how to do division from one dataframe to another dataframe corresponding column name

As direct division is possible only for dataframes with same dimension, you can repeat the rows in df2.

df1/df2[rep(nrow(df2), nrow(df1)), ]

#  std1 std2 std3 std4
#1    1    2    2    1
#2    2    5    3    2

Some other alternatives to this are -

df1[] <- Map(`/`, df1, df2)
df1[] <- purrr::map2(df1, df2, `/`)
df1 <- purrr::map2_df(df1, df2, `/`)

If the column names are not always ordered, you can first arrange any one of the dataframe with df2 <- df2[names(df1)] before using the above answer.

When df2 has only one row sweep could be used:

sweep(Df, 2, unlist(df2), "/")
#  std1 std2 std3 std4
#1    1    2    2    1
#2    2    5    3    2

or using col:

Df / df2[col(Df)]
#  std1 std2 std3 std4
#1    1    2    2    1
#2    2    5    3    2

Data:

Df <- read.table(header=TRUE, text="std1 std2 std3 std4
     1    4    4   10
     2    10   6   20")

df2 <- read.table(header=TRUE, text="std1 std2 std3 std4
    1     2   2    10")

Here is a S3 class solution.

`/.data.frame` <- function(x, y){
  if(is.null(dim(y))){
    x[] <- Map('/', x, y)
  } else {
    i <- intersect(names(x), names(y))
    if(length(i) == 0){
      xname <- deparse(substitute(x))
      yname <- deparse(substitute(y))
      warn <- sprintf("%s and %s have no common columns, returning %s", xname, yname, xname)
      warning(warn)
    } else{
      x[i] <- Map('/', x[i], y[i])
    }
  }
  x
}

Df / df2
#  std1 std2 std3 std4
#1    1    2    2    1
#2    2    5    3    2

df3 <- as.data.frame(matrix(1:3, ncol = 1))
Df / df3
#  std1 std2 std3 std4
#1    1    4    4   10
#2    2   10    6   20
#Warning message:
#In `/.data.frame`(Df, df3) :
#  Df and df3 have no common columns, returning Df

Df / 1:2
#  std1 std2 std3 std4
#1    1    2    4    5
#2    2    5    6   10

Does this work:

df1/rbind(df2,df2)
  std1 std2 std3 std4
1    1    2    2    1
2    2    5    3    2

Data used:

df1
  std1 std2 std3 std4
1    1    4    4   10
2    2   10    6   20
df2
  std1 std2 std3 std4
1    1    2    2   10