Is It Possible?
YES.
Jpackage provides the ability to further customize the installer package built with WiX.
You'll have to use --resource-dir for that, as explained in Packaging Tool User's Guide.
Get Default main.wxs
Use the following command:
jpackage --input my_app [...] --temp "some/dir"
You'll have the following file structure generated:
\some\dir
\config
my_app.ico
my_app.properties
main.wxs
MsiInstallerStrings_en.wxl
MsiInstallerStrings_ja.wxl
MsiInstallerStrings_zh.wxl
overrides.wxi
\images
\wixobj
Copy the main.wxs file into the directory of choice, e.g. my_resource_dir.
You aren't gonna need anything else, so you can safely delete it as well as the installation package generated.
Change main.wxs to Append Your Installation Directory to the Path Variable
Change lines in my_resource_dir/main.wxs:
<Feature Id="DefaultFeature" Title="!(loc.MainFeatureTitle)" Level="1">
<ComponentGroupRef Id="Shortcuts"/>
<ComponentGroupRef Id="Files"/>
<ComponentGroupRef Id="FileAssociations"/>
</Feature>
to:
<Feature Id="DefaultFeature" Title="!(loc.MainFeatureTitle)" Level="1">
<ComponentGroupRef Id="Shortcuts"/>
<ComponentGroupRef Id="Files"/>
<ComponentGroupRef Id="FileAssociations"/>
<Component Id="pathEnvironmentVariable" Guid="{YOUR_GUID}" KeyPath="yes" Directory="TARGETDIR">
<Environment Id="MyPathVariable" Name="Path" Value="[INSTALLDIR]" Action="set" System="no" Permanent="no" Part="last" Separator=";" />
</Component>
</Feature>
Make sure to replace YOUR_GUID with the GUID generated with the generator tool. For example: [...] Guid="{607ea423-79e0-4866-9ed7-62005b88d225}"
Create the Installer that Appends to Path:
Run the following command:
jpackage --input my_app [...] --resource-dir "my_resource_dir" --verbose
In the log output you should see something similar to:
[...] Using custom main.wxs file [...]
Result
The installer built now appends your INSTALLDIR to the Path on installation and removes it during uninstall.