EDIT : latest versions of Unity finally includes a runtime ProgressBar. See @tenuki answer.
UI Toolkit will include more built-in controls in Unity 2021.2 (when it will be included in Unity "core").
In the mean time, you might be better off not using the Slider component, which doesn't correspond to a "progress bar" use case.
The most simple way to achieve this, would be to have a "Background" and an "Overlay" element. The overlay would be a child of the background element.
Then, you can set the width of the Overlay element in per-cent units.
This would like this in the UI Builder :

ProgressBar.uxml :
<ui:UXML xmlns:ui="UnityEngine.UIElements" xmlns:uie="UnityEditor.UIElements" xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" engine="UnityEngine.UIElements" editor="UnityEditor.UIElements" noNamespaceSchemaLocation="../../../UIElementsSchema/UIElements.xsd" editor-extension-mode="False">
<Style src="ProgressBar.uss" />
<ui:VisualElement name="Background" class="progressBar--background" style="flex-grow: 1;">
<ui:VisualElement name="Overlay" class="progressBar--overlay" style="width: 50%; height: 100%;" />
</ui:VisualElement>
</ui:UXML>
ProgressBar.uss :
.progressBar--overlay {
background-color: rgba(243, 19, 77, 255);
}
/* optional */
.progressBar--background {
border-left-color: rgba(103, 10, 10, 255);
border-right-color: rgba(103, 10, 10, 255);
border-top-color: rgba(103, 10, 10, 255);
border-bottom-color: rgba(103, 10, 10, 255);
border-left-width: 5px;
border-right-width: 5px;
border-top-width: 5px;
border-bottom-width: 5px;
border-top-right-radius: 20px;
border-bottom-right-radius: 20px;
overflow: hidden;
border-top-left-radius: 20px;
}
Finally, in your code, you can set the width of the overlay element :
VisualElement progressBarOverlayElement = somePartOfYourUIHierarchy.Q("Overlay");
progressBarOverlayElement.style.width = new StyleLength(Length.Percent(30));
A little tip : you can achieve basic masking by disabling overflow on the topper elements.
Here's the background element of our progress bar, with overflow enabled :

Now with overflow set to hidden :

This might inspire you to do more complex stuff inside the root element of your progress bar.
There's a thread here discussing the multiple solutions available, in the UI Toolkit forum. It seems there still is no commonly agreed way to achieve this, but you might find more interesting tips there (e.g. complex-shaped masking using SVG assets).