How can I make that C can apart letters from an word

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First of all sorry for the hazy title and if my question isn't understood .English is my third language and is kinda hard to formulate the question clearly . Here's my problem I want to introduce a chemical substance formula like H3PO4 and the the program should separate H and to give him a variable name like x(and we will have 3x because its H3) and PO4 to be another variable like y. Or a simpler substance like HCl and the program should separate it in H and Cl .

function c
2 Answers

You can decompose the chemical formula by testing for capital letters, lower case letters and digits:

#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct element {
    char symbol[3];
    int n;
};

// decompose a formula into an array of elements and counts
int decompose(char *s, struct element *a, int length) {
    int i = 0;
    while (*s) {
        if (isupper((unsigned char)*s) && i < length) {
            int j = 0;
            a->symbol[j++] = *s++;
            if (islower((unsigned char)*s)) {
                a->symbol[j++] = *s++;
            }
            a->symbol[j] = '\0';
            a->n = 1;
            if (isdigit((unsigned char)*s)) {
                a->n = strtol(s, &s, 10);
            }
            i++;
            a++;
        } else {
            return -1;  // syntax error
        }
    }
    return i;  // number of elements
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    struct element array[10];
    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        int n = decompose(argv[i], array, sizeof(array) / sizeof(*array));
        if (n < 0) {
            printf("%s: syntax error\n", argv[i]);
        } else {
            printf("%s:\n", argv[i]);
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                printf("    %d %s\n", array[j].n, array[j].symbol);
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

Sample run:

$ ./chem HCl H3PO4 XePtF6
1 H
1 Cl
H3PO4:
3 H
1 P
4 O
XePtF6:
1 Xe
1 Pt
6 F
user_45932670

I assume you will have the input in uppercases:

#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    int var[26];
    memset(var, 0, sizeof(var));
    char *s = "H3PO4";
    for (int i = 0; i < strlen(s); ) {
        char c = s[i++];
        int n = 1;
        if (isdigit((unsigned char)s[i])) {
            n = 0;
            while (isdigit((unsigned char)s[i]))
                n = n * 10 + s[i++] - '0';
        }
        var[c - 'A'] += n;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i <26; i++)
        if (var[i])
            printf("Atom %c: %d\n", i  + 'A', var[i]);
}

Output:

gcc chemistry.c && ./a.out 
Atom H: 3
Atom O: 4
Atom P: 1
user_31611390
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