Permission denied on perf_event_open, is there another way than to use sudo or changing the perf_event_paranoid file?

The only information I could find about the topic is this link:perf_event_open always returns -1, which propose to configure with CONFIG_HW_PERF_EVENTS from what I understood, but I still get the same problem.

I'm implementing a program inspired by the man page of perf_event_open:

static long
       perf_event_open(struct perf_event_attr *hw_event, pid_t pid,
                       int cpu, int group_fd, unsigned long flags)
       {
           int ret;

           ret= syscall(__NR_perf_event_open, hw_event, pid, cpu,
                          group_fd, flags);
           return ret;
       }
struct perf_event_attr pe;

int pid = fork();

if (pid > 0 ) {

memset(&pe, 0, sizeof(pe));
           pe.type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE;
           pe.size = sizeof(pe);
           pe.config = PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES;
           pe.disabled = 0;
           pe.exclude_kernel = 0;
           pe.exclude_hv = 0;   
            
           fd = perf_event_open(&pe, pid, -1, -1, 0);
if (fd == -1) {
               perror(0);
              exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           }
}

I always get a -1 return for fd and perror indicates that permission is denied.

Of course I can work around the problem using sudo, but is there another way to allow permission to execute perf_event_open?

PS: I don't want to change the perf_event_paranoid file, which makes the program work when set at -1; I assume it will be at 2.