I was able to run tests for custom addons using pycharm but this only applies to custom addons in my case because I use docker to set up my odoo instance, this means odoo is a binary instead of copying the source code.
By the way, this response uses the package pytest-odoo please take a look at their docs first.
To do this with docker + pycharm + pytest-odoo, you need to specify a Dockerfile like this:
USER root
RUN apt-get update && \
apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
python3-pip
RUN pip3 install pytest-odoo coverage pytest-html
USER odoo
And a regular docker-compose like this:
services:
web:
container_name: plusteam-odoo-web
build:
context: .
dockerfile: Dockerfile
image: odoo:14
depends_on:
- db
ports:
- "8069:8069"
volumes:
- odoo-web-data:/var/lib/odoo
- ./config:/etc/odoo
- ./addons:/mnt/extra-addons
command: --dev all
db:
container_name: plusteam-odoo-db
image: postgres:13
ports:
- "5432:5432"
environment:
- POSTGRES_DB=postgres
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD=odoo
- POSTGRES_USER=odoo
- PGDATA=/var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
volumes:
- odoo-db-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data/pgdata
volumes:
odoo-web-data:
odoo-db-data:
Once you have this, you can run docker-compose up -d to get your odoo instance running, the odoo container will have pytest-odoo installed, the next part is to tell pycharm to use a remote interpreter with the odoo modified image including the pyest-odoo package:

Now everytime you run a script in pycharm they will launch a new container based on the image you provided.
After examining the containers launched by pycharm I realized they bind the project's directory to the /opt/project/ directory inside the container, this is useful because you will need to modify the odoo.conf when you run your tests.

You can customize the database connection for a custom testing db which you should do, and the important part is that you need to map the addons_path option to /opt/project/addons or the final path inside the containers launched by pycharm where your custom addons are available.
With this you can create a pycharm script for pytest like this:

Notice how we provided the path for the odoo config with modifications for testing, this way the odoo available in the container launched by pycharm will know where your custom addon's code is located.
Now we can run the script and even debug it and everything will work as expected.

I go further in this matter in a medium article, I even wrote a repository with a working demo so you can try it out, hope this helps:
https://medium.com/plusteam/how-to-run-odoo-tests-with-pycharm-51e4823bdc59
https://github.com/JSilversun/odoo-testing-example