How to make choice between inheritance and composition?

It really comes down to how your data is structured. Inheritance is used for "is a" relationships while composition is used for "has a" relationships.

For example, if you were look at cars.

Inheritance: you would have 'Toyota', 'Honda', 'BMW' under 'Car' because they are types of cars.

Composition: you would have 'Engine', 'Wheels', 'Door' under 'Car' because they are parts that make up the car.

'Toyota', 'Honda', 'BMW' aren't parts of a car same way 'Engine', 'Wheels', 'Door' aren't types of cars.

This is a big complicated topic, perhaps too much to be described in a few SO posts. Inheritance can be tricky, People have done Ph.D dissertations on this. Most of the time when I write new code I keep inheritance to a minimum.

When your Dog class inherits Mammal all the state/behavior of Mammal must still apply. (the dog is a mammal). Is a platypus a mammal? Biology-yes, but it may not apply to your needs. Especially when you have mutable objects you run into messy situations such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%E2%80%93ellipse_problem#Description

Also in real life there's often goofy couplings between parent and child classes.

You cannot say that one should be preferred over another. It depends how the data is structured and what representation is required for a particular data model. There is a simple way to remember what to use:

Inheritance = is

• The fact an object inherits from another means the object actually is what it inherits from, hierarchically. Let's take an example from the simplified taxonomy in biology. Working with the kingdom Animalia, we can say that Opossum is a Mammal, which is Chordate, which is animal. Therefor here we have a chain of the inheritance: Opossum extends Mammal, Mammal extends Chordate, Chordate extends Animal. Each of the group has various characteristics that all the subtypes inherit.

Composition = has

• The composition is has. However, here this relation should be rather understood as is composed from or contains. If we stay in the world of biology, we can say an Opossum has a head, tail, body and 4 legs, therefore there is a composition relationship between these objects. This is in Java represented as instance fields:

  class Opossum {
      Head head;
      Body body;
      Leg[] legs = new Legs[4];
  }
  

You can google thousands articles about it. So if you want to understand more deeply, google and learn, we dont have to reinvent wheel here.

If you want short explanation what composition over inheritance means, it basically says - do not overengineer your solution with some super complex inheritance. If you develop something and you see some clear advantages of inheritance and you cant achieve the same with composition, you are free to use inheritance. If you dont see it or you can achieve the same with composition, use composition.