What does *--end() mean in C++?

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Looking at this cppreference.com page for std::filesystem::path::filename, the method's description is literaly just "equivalent to relative_path().empty() ? path() : *--end()". I've never seen that syntax "*--end()". I can figure out what it does from the context, but what does it mean exactly? And could it be used in a different context to extract, say, a substring?

std-filesystem c++
1 Answers

First, let's look at std::filesystem::path::begin()/end(). This allows you to iterate through a path one directory at a time, so for /user/kenyn/foo.bar with this code:

fs::path p = "/user/kenyn/foo.bar";
for(auto &e : p)
    std::cout << e << '\n';

We would see:

user
kenyn
foo.bar

So, what is *(--(p.end()))? I've added extra brackets so we can see we get an iterator pointing to one past the last element with p.end(), move back one with the -- to get a reference to foo.bar, then dereference the iterator with * to give us a pointer to the final path element "foo.bar".

The complete expression, then:

relative_path().empty() ? path() : *--end()

Says if there is no relative path (ie, just a file name or nothing at all), return the whole thing, else if there is a relative path, return the last element of the list of paths, which will be the file name.

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