I'm doing a course but the things the lecturer says works don't

• #include <pch.h>:
  See Gabriel's answer.

• include <iostream> vs #include <iostream>:
  The former is plain wrong. It has to be #include with the #.

• using namespace std; vs using std::cout;:
  While neither is particularly good practice, both should do the same thing here. If you write neither of them, you will have to write std::cout << ... instead of only cout << ... - that seems annoying but is something you should get used to if you want to eventually be a serious C++ programmer. See also Why is "using namespace std" considered bad practice?.

• main() vs int main():
  This is not something that Code::Blocks should allow because it is not correct C++. main should always return int.

Overall you seem to have hit an unfortunate number of differences between environments/compilers on this basic example already. However, neither your course nor VS2017 is wrong so far, so I recommend you keep using them. If something that your lecturer writes won't work for in a different environment, it's probably a bad idea to write that kind of code in the first place. And they did make several mistakes in this simple example.

PS: I strongly recommend enabling warnings, because they may tell you when you do something wrong in a more subtle way. There are many mistakes (of the "shooting yourself in the foot" kind) that the compiler is not required to stop you from making, but if you ask to be stopped (by heeding warnings) it will help you.

Using Visual Studio should be okay as long as you disable precompiled headers and your tutorial uses standard-compliant code.

About precompiled headers :

Visual Studio enables pre-compiled headers by default in a C++ command line program. This means that in your project, it'll by default force you to use a precompiled header in the first line of your source code (pch.h here). By disabling them, you can almost* make the first snippet work in VS. To do this, select your project, go to the "Project->Properties" menu, then to the "Configuration Properties -> C/C++ -> Precompiled Headers" section, then change the "Precompiled Header" setting to "Not Using Precompiled Headers" option (this applies to VS 2012, applying this to other versions of VS should be easy).

If you want to avoid this in the future, you can create an empty project when setting up your project in VS.

See also : http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/h9x39eaw%28v=vs.71%29.aspx, How to avoid precompiled headers

* : The first snippet won't actually work since the declaration of main is not correct C++, only C (see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/main_function, What is the proper declaration of main?)

To your actual question, VS will be fine for your course, although I'm still puzzled by the lecturer's original version of this code.

However, it's really useful to take the time to understand what all your changes did, and why they fixed your problem. Maybe you did this already - that's just not the impression I got from the phrase

What I figured out would work after some googling

• when you get a compile error or warning, read it and try to understand it.
• if you don't understand the error - and this is normal, certainly while you're learning - then hacking on the code until it works is perfectly fine. At least sometimes it's quicker, and the knowledge that you made progress is its own reward.
• if hacking away at the code with the internet at your disposal doesn't get a solution, you'll just have to study the error message more. Turning all compiler errors and warnings on, and trying multiple compilers can both help - even if they all fail, the messages might be more useful. (I often find clang has useful errors, and godbolt.org is super helpful).

• if hacking away at the code does get a solution, you should still try and understand why. Now you can see what you changed, look at the original error and try to understand why your changes fixed it. If you made multiple changes, were they all really necessary? Do you understand what they all did, and why?

  If you do this, you can fix the next related problem faster, rather than going through the whole trial-and-error process again. You can even write better code that avoids the problem in the first place.

  This is the part that actually constitutes learning, which is why I'm making a point of addressing it.

The important fix was changing the lines

include <iostream>

main()

to

#include <iostream>

int main()

because the former aren't legal C++. If your lecturer really wrote exactly that and you didn't somehow mis-copy, then I have no idea why their example worked.

The Visual Studio-specific stuff is the precompiled header, as described in Gabriel's answer.

But the remaining change is essentially cosmetic. Replacing:

using namespace std;

with

using std::cout;

Doesn't affect anything in your code, and just using

  std::cout << "Hello world! :-)";

(with no using at all) would work just as well.