Constructor Definition C++ syntax

The first one initialize price with x where the second one initialize price with its default value (default construct it; in case of a int variable, is initialized with an undefined value) and then copy x in price.

In other words, the first one is almost equivalent to

int price = x;

where the second one is almost equivalent to

int price;

price = x;

In case of a int variable (taking also in count the compiler's optimizations) I suppose there isn't an effective difference.

But when price is a complex object, with an heavy construction cost, there can be a great difference.

As better explain Peter, "It's not construction cost that makes the difference between the two for complex objects. It is a question of whether reassigning after default initialisation is more costly than initialising in one step. Practically, the two stage process is often more expensive (by various measures) than direct initialisation, since it can be necessary to clean up the default setting in order to change the value. There are also concerns of exception safety - what if reassignment or construction throws an exception."

So, usually, is strongly suggested to use the first solution (initialize the object with the right value).

See also the Zereges's answer that point the attention over the fact that the first one method is the only available to assign a value to a constant member.

Indeed you can't write

int const  price;

price = x;  // error: price is const

The first one uses an initialization list, while the other doesn't, and assigns x to the data member price inside the body of the constructor.

We usually prefer to use initialization lists, and to keep the body of the constructor as simple as possible.

To add up to other answers, the first option is the natural way to initialize const members

struct C
{
    const int val;

    C() : val(5) // Perfectly OK
    {
    }

    C(int) // error: uninitialized const member in 'const int' [-fpermissive]
    {
        val = 5 // error: assignment of read-only member 'C::val'
    }
};

Also, when class has members of type, that are not default-constructible, this is the way to initialize them

struct D
{
    struct not_default_constructible
    {
        not_default_constructible(int)
        {
        }
    } var;

    int& ref;

    D(int a) : ref(a), var(5) // Legal
    {
    }

    D(int a, char) // error: uninitialized reference member in 'int&' [-fpermissive]
    { // error: no matching function for call to 'D::not_default_constructible::not_default_constructible()'
        ref = a;
    }
};

The second one does not initialize price with x when a Fruit is created which therefor default constructs it. Just as if you'd written:

class Fruit{
private :
    int price

public:
    Fruit(int x) :
        price() // default constructed
    {
        price = x
    }    
}

For effectiveness, it's better to initialize with the value you want to assign to it.