how to determine the size of virtual base class and derived classes from it?

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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class base1{};
class base2{virtual void show(){}};

class test1{    };
class test2{virtual void show(){}};

class derv1:public virtual base1{};
class derv12:public virtual base2{};

class derv2:public virtual base2, public test1{};
class derv22:public virtual base2, public virtual test1{};
class derv222:public virtual base2, public virtual test2{};

int main()
{
    cout<<"sizeof base1 = "<<sizeof(base1)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof base2 = "<<sizeof(base2)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof derv1 = "<<sizeof(derv1)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof derv12 = "<<sizeof(derv12)<<endl;

    cout<<"sizeof derv2 = "<<sizeof(derv2)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof derv22 = "<<sizeof(derv22)<<endl;
    cout<<"sizeof derv222 = "<<sizeof(derv222)<<endl;

}

outputs:

sizeof base1 = 1
sizeof base2 = 4
sizeof derv1 = 4
sizeof derv12 = 8
sizeof derv2 = 8
sizeof derv22 = 8
sizeof derv222 = 12

I understand following outputs:

sizeof base1 : 1 => empty class , size is 1. result is OK.

sizeof base2 : 4 => since class has a virtual function, it adds 
                    a vitual pointer in each object of the class
                    ( 32 bit machine) , so added 4 bytes. Result is OK.

sizeof derv1 : 4 => base1 doesn't have  virtual function but since 
                    derv1 is virtually derived from base1 ,added 4 bytes. 
                    I think that each virtual base class
                    added a  pointer in object so i think Result is OK.     

sizeof derv12: 8 => 4 bytes( from virtual pointer) + 4 bytes
                     (virtual base class ) = 8 bytes. Result is OK.

My confusion starts after the above outputs

sizeof derv2  : 8 => 8 bytes( virtual pointer + virtually base class)
                    from base2 + 1 byte from test1 => 9 bytes and adds 3 padding 
                    bytes gives 12 bytes (should print). 
                     why "sizeof (test1)" is not adding in the output ??

sizeof derv22 : 8 => 8 bytes( virtual pointer + virtually base class)
                    from base2 + 4 byte (virtually base class) 
                    from test1  => 12 bytes (should print)

                    why 4 bytes from  test1 (virtual base class)  is not added 
                    in the output?? In the  size of(derv1 ) also has
                    a virtual base class( base1) and out put is 4 bytes means
                    they added 4 bytes in the output. 

sizeof derv222: 12 => 12 bytes( virtual pointer + virtually derived)
                      from base2 + 8 byte( virtual pointer + virtually derived)
                      from test2  => 16 bytes (should print)

Am I missing somethineg or these sizes are system dependent or any thing else??

4 Answers

An Empty class inheriting a base class in virtual (access specifier ) mode (ex.virtual public) has size of 8 while if is non-empty it would have a size of 16.

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