What does '<?=' mean in PHP?

user_198729 0
Viewed 218235
<?php

$a=1;

?>
<?=$a;?>

What does <?= mean exactly?

syntax php
8 Answers

It's a shorthand for <?php echo $a; ?>.

It's enabled by default since 5.4.0 regardless of php.ini settings.

user_1578820

It's a shorthand for this:

<?php echo $a; ?>

They're called short tags; see example #1 in the documentation.

user_586350

Since it wouldn't add any value to repeat that it means echo, I thought you'd like to see what means in PHP exactly:

Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [0] => 368 // T_OPEN_TAG_WITH_ECHO
            [1] => <?=
            [2] => 1
        )
    [1] => Array
        (
            [0] => 309 // T_VARIABLE
            [1] => $a
            [2] => 1
        )
    [2] => ; // UNKNOWN (because it is optional (ignored))
    [3] => Array
        (
            [0] => 369 // T_CLOSE_TAG
            [1] => ?>
            [2] => 1
        )
)

You can use this code to test it yourself:

$tokens = token_get_all('<?=$a;?>');
print_r($tokens);
foreach($tokens as $token){
    echo token_name((int) $token[0]), PHP_EOL;
}

From the List of Parser Tokens, here is what T_OPEN_TAG_WITH_ECHO links to.

user_2088090

<?= $a ?> is the same as <? echo $a; ?>, just shorthand for convenience.

user_1667920 
<?=$a; ?>

is a shortcut for:

<?php echo $a; ?>
user_1782960
user_1489680

I hope it doesn't get deprecated. While writing <? blah code ?> is fairly unnecessary and confusable with XHTML, <?= isn't, for obvious reasons. Unfortunately I don't use it, because short_open_tag seems to be disabled more and more.

Update: I do use <?= again now, because it is enabled by default with PHP 5.4.0. See http://php.net/manual/en/language.basic-syntax.phptags.php

user_2539180
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