What's the best way to select the minimum value from several columns?

There are likely to be many ways to accomplish this. My suggestion is to use Case/When to do it. With 3 columns, it's not too bad.

Select Id,
       Case When Col1 < Col2 And Col1 < Col3 Then Col1
            When Col2 < Col1 And Col2 < Col3 Then Col2 
            Else Col3
            End As TheMin
From   YourTableNameHere

The best way to do that is probably not to do it - it's strange that people insist on storing their data in a way that requires SQL "gymnastics" to extract meaningful information, when there are far easier ways to achieve the desired result if you just structure your schema a little better :-)

The right way to do this, in my opinion, is to have the following table:

ID    Col    Val
--    ---    ---
 1      1      3
 1      2     34
 1      3     76

 2      1     32
 2      2    976
 2      3     24

 3      1      7
 3      2    235
 3      3      3

 4      1    245
 4      2      1
 4      3    792

with ID/Col as the primary key (and possibly Col as an extra key, depending on your needs). Then your query becomes a simple select min(val) from tbl and you can still treat the individual 'old columns' separately by using where col = 2 in your other queries. This also allows for easy expansion should the number of 'old columns' grow.

This makes your queries so much easier. The general guideline I tend to use is, if you ever have something that looks like an array in a database row, you're probably doing something wrong and should think about restructuring the data.

However, if for some reason you can't change those columns, I'd suggest using insert and update triggers and add another column which these triggers set to the minimum on Col1/2/3. This will move the 'cost' of the operation away from the select to the update/insert where it belongs - most database tables in my experience are read far more often than written so incurring the cost on write tends to be more efficient over time.

In other words, the minimum for a row only changes when one of the other columns change, so that's when you should be calculating it, not every time you select (which is wasted if the data isn't changing). You would then end up with a table like:

ID   Col1   Col2   Col3   MinVal
--   ----   ----   ----   ------
 1      3     34     76        3
 2     32    976     24       24
 3      7    235      3        3
 4    245      1    792        1

Any other option that has to make decisions at select time is usually a bad idea performance-wise, since the data only changes on insert/update - the addition of another column takes up more space in the DB and will be slightly slower for the inserts and updates but can be much faster for selects - the preferred approach should depend on your priorities there but, as stated, most tables are read far more often than they're written.

You could also do this with a union query. As the number of columns increase, you would need to modify the query, but at least it would be a straight forward modification.

Select T.Id, T.Col1, T.Col2, T.Col3, A.TheMin
From   YourTable T
       Inner Join (
         Select A.Id, Min(A.Col1) As TheMin
         From   (
                Select Id, Col1
                From   YourTable

                Union All

                Select Id, Col2
                From   YourTable

                Union All

                Select Id, Col3
                From   YourTable
                ) As A
         Group By A.Id
       ) As A
       On T.Id = A.Id

This is brute force but works

 select case when col1 <= col2 and col1 <= col3 then col1
           case when col2 <= col1 and col2 <= col3 then col2
           case when col3 <= col1 and col3 <= col2 then col3
    as 'TheMin'
           end

from Table T

... because min() works only on one column and not across columns.

Both this question And this question try to answer this.

The recap is that Oracle has a built in function for this, with Sql Server you are stuck either defining a user-defined-function or using case statements.

For multiple columns its best to use a CASE statement, however for two numeric columns i and j you can use simple math:

min(i,j) = (i+j)/2 - abs(i-j)/2

This formula can be used to get the minimum value of multiple columns but its really messy past 2, min(i,j,k) would be min(i,min(j,k))

If you're able to make a stored procedure, it could take an array of values, and you could just call that.

select *,
case when column1 < columnl2 And column1 < column3 then column1
when columnl2 < column1 And columnl2 < column3 then columnl2
else column3
end As minValue
from   tbl_example

If you use SQL 2005 you can do something neat like this:

;WITH    res
          AS ( SELECT   t.YourID ,
                        CAST(( SELECT   Col1 AS c01 ,
                                        Col2 AS c02 ,
                                        Col3 AS c03 ,
                                        Col4 AS c04 ,
                                        Col5 AS c05
                               FROM     YourTable AS cols
                               WHERE    YourID = t.YourID
                             FOR
                               XML AUTO ,
                                   ELEMENTS
                             ) AS XML) AS colslist
               FROM     YourTable AS t
             )
    SELECT  YourID ,
            colslist.query('for $c in //cols return min(data($c/*))').value('.',
                                            'real') AS YourMin ,
            colslist.query('for $c in //cols return avg(data($c/*))').value('.',
                                            'real') AS YourAvg ,
            colslist.query('for $c in //cols return max(data($c/*))').value('.',
                                            'real') AS YourMax
    FROM    res

This way you don't get lost in so many operators :)

However, this could be slower than the other choice.

It's your choice...

SELECT [ID],
            (
                SELECT MIN([value].[MinValue])
                FROM
                (
                    VALUES
                        ([Col1]),
                        ([Col1]),
                        ([Col2]),
                        ([Col3])
                ) AS [value] ([MinValue])
           ) AS [MinValue]
FROM Table;

case when Col1 < Col2 and Col1 < Col3 then Col1 when Col2 is null and Col3 is null then Col1 when Col1 < Col2 and Col3 is null then Col1 when Col1 < Col3 and Col2 is null then Col1 when Col2 < Col1 and Col2 < Col3 then Col2 when Col1 is null and Col3 is null then Col2 when Col2 < Col1 and Col3 is null then Col2 when Col2 < Col3 and Col1 is null then Col2 when Col3 < Col1 and Col3 < Col2 then Col3 when Col1 is null and Col2 is null then Col3 when Col3 < Col1 and Col2 is null then Col3 when Col3 < Col2 and Col1 is null then Col3 when Col2 = Col3 then Col2 when Col1 = Col3 then Col1 when Col1 = Col2 then Col1 when Col2 = Col3 and Col1 = Col3 then Col1
else null end as 'MIN'

I know that question is old, but I was still in the need of the answer and was not happy with other answers so I had to devise my own which is a twist on @paxdiablo´s answer.

I came from land of SAP ASE 16.0, and I only needed a peek at statistics of certain data which are IMHO validly stored in different columns of a single row (they represent different times - when arrival of something was planned, what it was expected when the action started and finally what was the actual time). Thus I had transposed columns into the rows of temporary table and preformed my query over this as usually.

N.B. Not the one-size-fits-all solution ahead!

CREATE TABLE #tempTable (ID int, columnName varchar(20), dataValue int)

INSERT INTO #tempTable 
  SELECT ID, 'Col1', Col1
    FROM sourceTable
   WHERE Col1 IS NOT NULL
INSERT INTO #tempTable 
  SELECT ID, 'Col2', Col2
    FROM sourceTable
   WHERE Col2 IS NOT NULL
INSERT INTO #tempTable 
  SELECT ID, 'Col3', Col3
    FROM sourceTable
   WHERE Col3 IS NOT NULL

SELECT ID
     , min(dataValue) AS 'Min'
     , max(dataValue) AS 'Max'
     , max(dataValue) - min(dataValue) AS 'Diff' 
  FROM #tempTable 
  GROUP BY ID

This took some 30 seconds on source set of 630000 rows and used only index-data, so not the thing to run in time-critical process but for things like one-time data inspection or end-of-the-day report you might be fine (but verify this with your peers or superiors, please!). Main bonus of this style for me was that I could readily use more/less columns and change grouping, filtering, etc., especially once data was copyied over.

The additional data (columnName, maxes, ...) were to aid me in my search, so you might not need them; I left them here to maybe spark some ideas :-).