How to alter a float by its smallest increment (or close to it)?

Check your math.h file. If you're lucky you have the nextafter and nextafterf functions defined. They do exactly what you want in a portable and platform independent way and are part of the C99 standard.

Another way to do it (could be a fallback solution) is to decompose your float into the mantissa and exponent part. Incrementing is easy: Just add one to the mantissa. If you get an overflow you have to handle this by incrementing your exponent. Decrementing works the same way.

EDIT: As pointed out in the comments it is sufficient to just increment the float in it's binary representation. The mantissa-overflow will increment the exponent, and that's exactly what we want.

That's in a nutshell the same thing that nextafter does.

This won't be completely portable though. You would have to deal with endianess and the fact that not all machines do have IEEE floats (ok - the last reason is more academic).

Also handling NAN's and infinites can be a bit tricky. You cannot simply increment them as they are by definition not numbers.

u64 &x = *(u64*)(&f);
x++;

Yes, seriously.

Edit: As someone pointed out, this does not deal with -ve numbers, Inf, Nan or overflow properly. A safer version of the above is

u64 &x = *(u64*)(&f);
if( ((x>>52) & 2047) != 2047 )    //if exponent is all 1's then f is a nan or inf.
{
    x += f>0 ? 1 : -1;
}

In absolute terms, the smallest amount you can add to a floating point value to make a new distinct value will depend on the current magnitude of the value; it will be the type's machine epsilon multiplied by the current exponent.

Check out the IEEE spec for floating point represenation. The simplest way would be to reinterpret the value as an integer type, add 1, then check (if you care) that you haven't flipped the sign or generated a NaN by examining the sign and exponent bits.

Alternatively, you could use frexp to obtain the current mantissa and exponent, and hence calculate a value to add.

I needed to do the exact same thing and came up with this code:

double DoubleIncrement(double value)
{
  int exponent;
  double mantissa = frexp(value, &exponent);
  if(mantissa == 0)
    return DBL_MIN;

  mantissa += DBL_EPSILON/2.0f;
  value = ldexp(mantissa, exponent);
  return value;
}

For what it's worth, the value for which standard ++ incrementing ceases to function is 9,007,199,254,740,992.

This may not be exactly what you want, but you still might find numeric_limits in of use. Particularly the members min(), and epsilon().

I don't believe that something like mydouble + numeric_limits::epsilon() will do what you want, unless mydouble is already close to epsilon. If it is, then you're in luck.

I found this code a while back, maybe it will help you determine the smallest you can push it up by then just increment it by that value. Unfortunately i can't remember the reference for this code:

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    /* two numbers to work with */
    double number1, number2;    // result of calculation
    double result;
    int counter;        // loop counter and accuracy check

    number1 = 1.0;
    number2 = 1.0;
    counter = 0;

    while (number1 + number2 != number1) {
        ++counter;
        number2 = number2 / 10;
    }
    printf("%2d digits accuracy in calculations\n", counter);

    number2 = 1.0;
    counter = 0;

    while (1) {
        result = number1 + number2;
        if (result == number1)
            break;
        ++counter;
        number2 = number2 / 10.0;
    }

    printf("%2d digits accuracy in storage\n", counter );

    return (0);
}