Why can my Pi not "detect" my 3D printer, but my laptop can?

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Printer mainboard: BTT SKR mini E3 V3.0 running klipper firmware

https://github.com/bigtreetech/BIGTREETECH-SKR-mini-E3

Long story short, I accidentally powered on my 3D printer while unplugging the power cord. Since then it has been acting weird.

Going through the troubleshooting steps I've reached a point where I can't say if the printer mainboard is actually damaged or if it's a compatibility issue.

So, ASUS UX305CA laptop running Ubuntu 20.04 detects it ok, although sometimes after issuing klippers firmware restart it doesn't come back online before I unplug and reconnect the cable.

Pi 4 running MainsailOS, I think it was the latest version, doesn't detect it. Errors out in the dmesg.

Pi 3 running an older version of Raspbian Lite (says 2022-04-04 on the img) also errors out.

dmesg from Pi 3 Raspbian Lite:

[  142.606431] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 2049 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 0
[  142.606471] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 1, lost async page write
[  142.606526] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 34817 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x0 phys_seg 1 prio class 0
[  142.606543] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 32769, lost async page write
[  142.703408] FAT-fs (sda1): unable to read boot sector to mark fs as dirty

dmesg from Pi 4, running MainsailOS. This took a few tries of unplugging and plugging it back in to show up:

[  256.082940] hub 1-1:1.0: hub_ext_port_status failed (err = -71)
[  256.082961] usb 1-1-port2: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[  256.083218] usb 1-1-port2: cannot disable (err = -71)
[  256.084119] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.084368] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.084615] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.084864] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.085115] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.085145] usb 1-1-port2: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[  256.085364] usb 1-1-port2: cannot disable (err = -71)
[  256.085757] usb 1-1-port2: attempt power cycle
[  256.423166] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.423388] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.423636] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.423882] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.424130] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.424160] usb 1-1-port2: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[  256.424384] usb 1-1-port2: cannot disable (err = -71)
[  256.425226] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.425480] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.425739] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.425991] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.426248] usb 1-1-port2: cannot reset (err = -71)
[  256.426278] usb 1-1-port2: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?
[  256.426504] usb 1-1-port2: cannot disable (err = -71)
[  256.426896] usb 1-1-port2: unable to enumerate USB device
[  256.427131] usb 1-1-port2: cannot disable (err = -71)
[  256.427980] usb 1-1: Failed to suspend device, error -71

And for comparisons sake, dmesg from the laptop, which showed up immediately on first try:

[23728.229748] usb 1-1: new full-speed USB device number 5 using xhci_hcd
[23728.379513] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d50, idProduct=614e, bcdDevice= 1.00
[23728.379523] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[23728.379529] usb 1-1: Product: stm32g0b1xx
[23728.379533] usb 1-1: Manufacturer: Klipper
[23728.379536] usb 1-1: SerialNumber: 10004C000450414235363020
[23728.381195] cdc_acm 1-1:1.0: ttyACM1: USB ACM device

I'm using the same cable on all 3 devices. The cable came with the printer mainboard and I'm 99.99% sure that it's fine, as it was working for weeks before this. I have tried another, longer cable, but it didn't change anything for the better. I've also tried every port on the Raspberrys and confirmed them working with a kingston usb stick that reports fine in dmesg.

It's also able to start and finish a print when using the laptop.

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