In spark, how can i rename column names of dataframe without reassignment?

As an alternative you can try to use the aliases, like that:

val aliases = dataDF.columns.map(columnName => $"${columnName}".as(map_of_codename.getOrElse(columnName, "None")))
dataDF.select(aliases: _*).show()

dataDF.select(aliases: _*).explain(true)

The execution plan will be then composed of a single projection node like and it may help to reduce the optimization phase:

== Analyzed Logical Plan ==
code_1: int, None: int, code_3: int, code_4: int, code_5: int
Project [col_1#16 AS code_1#77, col_2#17 AS None#78, col_3#18 AS code_3#79, col_4#19 AS code_4#80, col_5#20 AS code_5#81]
+- Project [_1#5 AS col_1#16, _2#6 AS col_2#17, _3#7 AS col_3#18, _4#8 AS col_4#19, _5#9 AS col_5#20]
   +- LocalRelation [_1#5, _2#6, _3#7, _4#8, _5#9]

That being said, I'm not sure if it will solve the performance issue because in both cases, yours foreach and the proposal above, the physical plan can be optimized to a single node thanks to the CollapseProject rule.

FYI, withColumnRenamed uses similar approach under-the-hood, except that it does it for every column separately:

  def withColumnRenamed(existingName: String, newName: String): DataFrame = {
    val resolver = sparkSession.sessionState.analyzer.resolver
    val output = queryExecution.analyzed.output
    val shouldRename = output.exists(f => resolver(f.name, existingName))
    if (shouldRename) {
      val columns = output.map { col =>
        if (resolver(col.name, existingName)) {
          Column(col).as(newName)
        } else {
          Column(col)
        }
      }
      select(columns : _*)
    } else {
      toDF()
    }
  }

Do you have any input related to the observed performance issues? Some measures that could help to identify the operation taking time? Maybe it's not necessarily related to the column renaming? What are you doing later with these renamed columns?

One approach is to obtain the full mapping column list without spark first, then to a for loop to rename all column instead of call columns.foreach

Here is an example of my solution (sorry I wasn't an expert in Scala, some data parsing might be ugly)

var dataDF = Seq((10, 20, 30, 40, 50),(100, 200, 300, 400, 500),(10, 222, 333, 444, 555),(1123, 2123, 3123, 4123, 5123),(1321, 2321, 3321, 4321, 5321))
  .toDF("col_1", "col_2", "col_3", "col_4", "col_5")
dataDF.show(false)

val mapDF = Seq(("col_1", "code_1", "true"),("col_3", "code_3", "true"),("col_4", "code_4", "true"),("col_5", "code_5", "true"))
  .toDF("original_name", "code_name", "important")

val schema_mapping = mapDF.select("original_name", "code_name").collect()
//For mapping of None column (col 2)
val none_mapping = old_schema.map(x => if (!schema_mapping.map(x => x(0)).contains(x)) Array[String](x, "None")).filter(_ != ())


for(i <- 0 until schema_mapping.length){
    try {
        dataDF = dataDF.withColumnRenamed(schema_mapping(i)(0).toString, schema_mapping(i)(1).toString)
    }
    catch{
        case e : Throwable => println("cannot rename" +  schema_mapping(i)(0).toString + " to " + schema_mapping(i)(1).toString)
    }
}

for(i <- 0 until none_mapping.length){
    try {
        dataDF = dataDF.withColumnRenamed(none_mapping(i).asInstanceOf[Array[String]](0), none_mapping(i).asInstanceOf[Array[String]](1))
    }
    catch{
        case e : Throwable => println("cannot rename")
    }
}

dataDF.show(false)

In spark UI for each column rename it become a stage, but those stage should be executed in parallel when we see with DAG visualization.