I have been reading some articles about TCP implementation on Linux and I got confused, what is the difference between net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog and net.core.somaxconn and the backlog passed as parameter to listen() system call, and what is the relation between them.
P.S. I want explanation for kernel 4.15 because I found that there are some differences between oldest and newer kernels on this subject.
sysctl is an API. So you can just read the Linux kernel documentation for appropriate version:
tcp_max_syn_backlog - INTEGER
Maximal number of remembered connection requests, which have not
received an acknowledgment from connecting client.
The minimal value is 128 for low memory machines, and it will
increase in proportion to the memory of machine.
If server suffers from overload, try increasing this number.
somaxconn - INTEGER
Limit of socket listen() backlog, known in userspace as SOMAXCONN.
Defaults to 128. See also tcp_max_syn_backlog for additional tuning
for TCP sockets.
Let's consider a TCP-handshake.. tcp_max_syn_backlog represents the maximal number of connections in SYN_RECV queue. I.e. when your server received SYN, sent SYN-ACK and haven't received ACK yet. This is a separate queue of so-called "request sockets" - reqsk in code (i.e. not fully-fledged sockets, "request sockets" occupy less memory. In this state we can save some memory and not yet allocate a full socket because the full connection may not be at all in the future if ACK will not arrive). The value of this queue is affected (see this post) by listen()'s backlog argument and limited by tcp_max_syn_backlog in kernel.
somaxconn represents the maximal size of ESTABLISHED queue. This is another queue.
Recall the previously mentioned SYN_RECV queue - your server is waiting for ACK from client. When the ACK arrives the kernel roughly speaking makes the big full-fledged socket from "request socket" and moves it to ESTABLISHED queue. Then you can do accept() on this socket. This queue is also affected by listen()'s backlog argument and limited by somaxconn in kernel.