How to show localized date units in a formatted string in Java/Android?

As suggested in one comment, you can use my lib Time4J and use following code:

Period p = Period.ofDays(3);
Locale loc = Locale.ENGLISH; // or any other supported locale
String formatted = PrettyTime.of(loc).print(p); // 3 days

The tutorial also contains a list of currently supported languages. By the way, the Time4J-equivalent for java.time.Period would be net.time4j.Duration<CalendarUnit> if you are interested in other features like normalization or extended ISO-compatibility etc.

Note: If you are on Android then you should rather use the sister library Time4A instead of Time4J but the presented code would be the same.

When using the Kotlin Duration type with localized formatting, because I couldn't find a good solution, I wrote one myself. It is based on APIs provided starting in Android 9 (for localized units), but with a fallback to English units for lower Android versions so it can be used with lower targeting apps.

Here's how it looks like on the usage side (see Kotlin Duration type to understand 1st line):

val duration = 5.days.plus(3.hours).plus(2.minutes).plus(214.milliseconds)

DurationFormat().format(duration) // "5day 3hour 2min"
DurationFormat(Locale.GERMANY).format(duration) // "5T 3Std. 2Min."
DurationFormat(Locale.forLanguageTag("ar").format(duration) // "٥يوم ٣ساعة ٢د"
DurationFormat().format(duration, smallestUnit = DurationFormat.Unit.HOUR) // "5day 3hour"
DurationFormat().format(15.minutes) // "15min"
DurationFormat().format(0.hours) // "0sec"

As you can see, you can specify a custom locale to the DurationFormat type. By default it uses Locale.getDefault(). Languages that have different symbols for number than romanic are also supported (via NumberFormat). Also, you can specify a custom smallestUnit, by default it is set to SECOND, so milliseconds will not be shown. Note that any unit with a value of 0 will be ignored and if the entire number is 0, the smallest unit will be used with the value 0.

This is the full DurationFormat type for copy & pasting (also available as a GitHub gist incl. unit tests):

import android.icu.text.MeasureFormat
import android.icu.text.NumberFormat
import android.icu.util.MeasureUnit
import android.os.Build
import java.util.Locale
import kotlin.time.Duration
import kotlin.time.ExperimentalTime
import kotlin.time.days
import kotlin.time.hours
import kotlin.time.milliseconds
import kotlin.time.minutes
import kotlin.time.seconds

@ExperimentalTime
data class DurationFormat(val locale: Locale = Locale.getDefault()) {
    enum class Unit {
        DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, MILLISECOND
    }

    fun format(duration: kotlin.time.Duration, smallestUnit: Unit = Unit.SECOND): String {
        var formattedStringComponents = mutableListOf<String>()
        var remainder = duration

        for (unit in Unit.values()) {
            val component = calculateComponent(unit, remainder)

            remainder = when (unit) {
                Unit.DAY -> remainder - component.days
                Unit.HOUR -> remainder - component.hours
                Unit.MINUTE -> remainder - component.minutes
                Unit.SECOND -> remainder - component.seconds
                Unit.MILLISECOND -> remainder - component.milliseconds
            }

            val unitDisplayName = unitDisplayName(unit)

            if (component > 0) {
                val formattedComponent = NumberFormat.getInstance(locale).format(component)
                formattedStringComponents.add("$formattedComponent$unitDisplayName")
            }

            if (unit == smallestUnit) {
                val formattedZero = NumberFormat.getInstance(locale).format(0)
                if (formattedStringComponents.isEmpty()) formattedStringComponents.add("$formattedZero$unitDisplayName")
                break
            }
        }

        return formattedStringComponents.joinToString(" ")
    }

    private fun calculateComponent(unit: Unit, remainder: Duration) = when (unit) {
        Unit.DAY -> remainder.inDays.toLong()
        Unit.HOUR -> remainder.inHours.toLong()
        Unit.MINUTE -> remainder.inMinutes.toLong()
        Unit.SECOND -> remainder.inSeconds.toLong()
        Unit.MILLISECOND -> remainder.inMilliseconds.toLong()
    }

    private fun unitDisplayName(unit: Unit) = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
        val measureFormat = MeasureFormat.getInstance(locale, MeasureFormat.FormatWidth.NARROW)
        when (unit) {
            DurationFormat.Unit.DAY -> measureFormat.getUnitDisplayName(MeasureUnit.DAY)
            DurationFormat.Unit.HOUR -> measureFormat.getUnitDisplayName(MeasureUnit.HOUR)
            DurationFormat.Unit.MINUTE -> measureFormat.getUnitDisplayName(MeasureUnit.MINUTE)
            DurationFormat.Unit.SECOND -> measureFormat.getUnitDisplayName(MeasureUnit.SECOND)
            DurationFormat.Unit.MILLISECOND -> measureFormat.getUnitDisplayName(MeasureUnit.MILLISECOND)
        }
    } else {
        when (unit) {
            Unit.DAY -> "day"
            Unit.HOUR -> "hour"
            Unit.MINUTE -> "min"
            Unit.SECOND -> "sec"
            Unit.MILLISECOND -> "msec"
        }
    }
}