how to practice large SQL Server index or partition issues for interview?

I just would like to show where I would start.

1. Create table without VARCHAR(MAX) to avoid performance issues

   CREATE TABLE Person 
   (
   PersonID INT NOT NULL,
   FirstName VARCHAR(50),
   LastName VARCHAR(50),
   Address VARCHAR(50)
   )
   

2. Insert some test data. The table should not have any indexes before loading data as indexes decrease performance of inserting

   DECLARE @RunDate datetime
   SET @RunDate=GETDATE()
   
   DECLARE @values TABLE (DataValue int, RandValue INT)
   
   ;WITH mycte AS
   (
   SELECT 1 DataValue
   UNION all
   SELECT DataValue + 1
   FROM mycte 
   WHERE DataValue + 1 <= 1000000
   )
   INSERT INTO Person(PersonID, FirstName, LastName, Address)
   SELECT 
   DataValue
   , 'FirstName' + CAST(DataValue AS VARCHAR(10)) 
   , 'LastName' + CAST(DataValue AS VARCHAR(10)) 
   , 'Address' + CAST(DataValue AS VARCHAR(10)) 
   FROM mycte m 
   OPTION (MAXRECURSION 0)
   

3. Then create indexes.

   -- Clustered index
   ALTER TABLE dbo.Person ADD CONSTRAINT PK_PersonID PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
       (PersonID);
   
   CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [IX_Person_FirstName_LastName]
   ON dbo.Person
   (FirstName, LastName) INCLUDE(Address)
   

4. Practice query tuning. Click Ctrl + M in SSMS to see query plan. Compare query plans. Try to tune query Query 2:

   -- Query 1 
   SELECT * FROM dbo.Person p
   WHERE p.FirstName = 'FirstName1'
   -- Query 2
   SELECT * FROM dbo.Person p
   WHERE p.Address = 'Address1'
   

5. When you make I/O operations, then you should use async operations. So you need to use some ORM. For example, Entity Framework In my experince, I have not founded a reason to use multithreading in ASP.NET MVC when you work with IO, as all logic is executing in database. So optimizer of SQL Server makes parallelization by itself. So there is no need to use multithreading when you work with IO operations.

   public async Task<List<Person>> GetAllPersonsWithName(string personName)
   {            
       return await db.Persons.Where(u => u.FirstName == personName).ToListAsync();
   }
   

6. Then try to run stored procedures asynchronously (your team will be glad if you use asynchronoous operations)

   Task<int> firstResult = 
       db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommandAsync("exec FooProcedure @param", 
           new SqlParameter("@param", yourParam));
   Task<int> secondResult = 
       db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommandAsync("exec FooProcedure1 @param1", 
           new SqlParameter("@param1", yourParam1));
   
   await Task.WhenAll(mcResult, dcaiResult);
   
   int fr = firstResult.Result;
   int sr = secondResult.Result;
   
   Console.WriteLine($"Results are fr {fr}, sr {sr} ");
   

And some more advices when you will write C# and T-SQL code:

• The C# code must be async. As async/await saves threads. High performance and scalability must not work with one-thread-per-socket. Good article to read. This code is really cool!

• In addition, if your future team uses EntityFramework, then use method .AsNoTracking() when you selecting data, not adding or updating:

  context.YourTable.AsNoTracking()

• try to avoid writing complex LINQ to Entities queries. As EntityFramework can create your variables with type like VARCHAR(MAX). And this decreases performance. Instead just create User-Defined Function. For complicated logic use stored procedures, views, user-defined functions.

• Try to tune queries. Read this post about query tuning. In addition,make test examples and try to achieve index seek operation, find the way to solve key lookups( avoid any implicit\explicit conversions in WHERE statement, add columns to index or include this column). It is possible to make tuning queries in AdventureWorks database.

(I agree that this is a borderline question between careers/workplace and SO, but OTOH the question is more on a technical/software developer level so let's attempt to answer it.)

First, congratulations to the opportunity! I recently switched jobs from one technology stack (Ruby and some C#) to a rather different stack (large Java application with 10+ years on its neck), so I can definitely understand if this feels both challenging and a bit frightening at the same time.

So let's focus on some aspects here:

1. You have done SQL queries before, I assume you have a general understanding of relational algebra, INNER & OUTER joins, the importance of proper indexes to avoid unnecessary table scans - this kind of basic stuff. (if not, it's definitely areas where you could train a bit.)

2. You talk about doing "multi-threaded queries on a massive SQL server database" - potentially billions of rows. I cannot say if this is likely or not; most systems do not have such big databases, but if you have had indications about it being that big, I see no reason to challenge that.

   But multi-threaded is a key here. As anyone who has done multi-threaded programming knows, the challenges you face there are different to the problems you face in traditional, sequential programming. I am thinking about locking, trying to avoid deadlocks, trying to avoid locking data in the first place, and things like that. It's worth remembering that Microsoft SQL Server has a different locking strategy than some other databases (depending on what you've used before), so learning when to use (and when not to use) READ UNCOMMITTED can be critical sometimes. More information: Why use a READ UNCOMMITTED isolation level?

You also write in your question:

Is there any way to set up my own large SQL Server with some big public data to practice some of this?

I'm not sure I would recommend this. I mean, if you don't know a subject, you can't really fake it, and trying to learn more complex topics just for an interview seldom works really well. (sorry to sound a bit negative here)

It also depends greatly on the company where you're being interviewed. I've experienced having to go through coding test, phone interview plus challenging five-hour on-site interview and still don't get the job... while at another company, I just had lunch with the manager (whom I knew a bit from beforehand) and then a phone interview with a couple of key people + emailing a bit back and forth until I got an offer. So the requirements and the process varies greatly between companies.

I believe in honesty, even when it comes to job seeking. Be yourself, and don't be afraid of the areas where you feel you are lacking. If you have many years of Java experience, I'm sure you can learn the .NET/C# mindset quite easily, especially if you have worked with multi-threaded programming, perhaps dependency injection/inversion control frameworks (Spring etc).