How to parse a static const std::string in compilation time?

You can't. A static const std::string doesn't exist at compile time.

String literals are possible with constexpr functions, but not std::string objects.

You can't parse std::string at compile time, because it can be constructed only at run-time. But there are nice answers at StackOverflow that describes how to define and manipulate compile-time strings:

1. Compile time string encryption using constexpr.
2. Conveniently Declaring Compile-Time Strings in C++

They refer to of Scott Schurr's str_const starting at page 29:

class str_const { // constexpr string
private:
  const char* const p_;
  const std::size_t sz_;
public:
  template<std::size_t N>
  constexpr str_const(const char(&a)[N]) : // ctor
    p_(a), sz_(N-1) {}
  constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) { // []
    return n < sz_ ? p_[n] : throw std::out_of_range("");
  }
  constexpr std::size_t size() { return sz_; } // size()
};

See how Jason Turner's constexpr JSON parser works. It is able to parse a whole JSON string at compile time, so it should be possible to parse and validate SQL at compile time. You just need to use Scott's std_const, or Jason's static_string for that.

Here is a trivial extension that makes it play nicer with std::string_view, and have a compile-time substr method:

class str_const {
private:
  const char* const p_;
  const std::size_t sz_;
public:
  template<std::size_t N>
  constexpr str_const(const char(&a)[N]) :
    p_(a), sz_(N-1) {}
  constexpr str_const(const std::string_view & sv) :
    p_(sv.begin()), sz_(sv.size()) {}
  constexpr operator std::string_view() const
  { return {p_, sz_}; }

  constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) const { // []
    return n < sz_ ? p_[n] : throw std::out_of_range("");
  }
  constexpr std::size_t size() const { return sz_; } // size()
  constexpr const char*c_str() const { return p_; }

  constexpr const char*begin() const { return p_; }
  constexpr const char*end() const { return p_ + sz_; }
  constexpr str_const substr(unsigned from, unsigned size) const
  {
    return from+size <= sz_ ? std::string_view{p_ + from, size} : throw std::out_of_range("");
  }
};
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream& out, str_const str) {
   return out << std::string_view(str);
}

std::string doesn't exist at compile time. If you want to have such a behavior, you can use the string literals with constexpr as below:

constexpr const char* const var = "string";

To understand more about this, please see the assemble code generated for this:

#include <string>

int main()
{
    constexpr const char* const str = "string";
    const std::string test = "test";
}

With X86-64 Clang 6.0.0 compiler and with 0 optimizations,

constexpr const char* const str = "string";

generated below code:

subq    $80, %rsp
movq    $.L.str, -8(%rbp)
leaq    -48(%rbp), %rax

.L.str:
        .asciz  "string"

and for const std::string test = "test"; below code is generated (Just a snippet) So it calls the std::allocater which allocates the memory on the heap and then constructs the string object.

        movq    %rax, %rdi
        movq    %rax, -72(%rbp)         # 8-byte Spill
        callq   std::allocator<char>::allocator() [complete object constructor]
        movl    $.L.str.1, %ecx
        movl    %ecx, %esi
        leaq    -40(%rbp), %rdi
        movq    -72(%rbp), %rdx         # 8-byte Reload
        callq   std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::basic_string(char const*, std::allocator<char> const&)
        jmp     .LBB0_1

As Sebastian already mentioned, you can't if you need std::string. But maybe, as an alternative, you can do something like constexpr auto query = "MY SQL QUERY"; I don't know if you are allowed to modify the type of the queries. Then at runtime, query can be used to construct a std::string if you need one. Checks at compile time can also be done.

The disadvantage of course is that it is copied at runtime when creating a std::string.