how to print __uint128_t number using gcc?

I wanted to print unsigned 64/128 bit numbers decimallly and did not want to reinvent the wheel. So "pu128()" has 3 cases: <10^19, <10^38, otherwise. Perhaps not the fastest, but should be portable. Defines UINT128_MAX as well as UINT128_C macros.

$ gcc -Wall -Wextra -pedantic lu.c
$ ./a.out 
0
10000000000000000000
18446744073709551615
0
10000000000000000000
18446744073709551615
100000000000000000000000000000000000000
340282366920938463463374607431768211455
$ 
$ cat lu.c 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <inttypes.h>

#define UINT128_C(u)     ((__uint128_t)u)

void pu64(__uint64_t u)   { printf("%" PRIu64, u); }
void pu640(__uint64_t u)  { printf("%019" PRIu64, u); }

#define D19_ UINT64_C(10000000000000000000)
const __uint128_t d19_ = D19_;
const __uint128_t d38_ = UINT128_C(D19_)*D19_;

const __uint128_t UINT128_MAX = UINT128_C(UINT64_MAX)<<64 | UINT64_MAX;

void pu128(__uint128_t u)
{
       if (u < d19_) pu64(u);
  else if (u < d38_) { pu64(u/d19_); pu640(u%d19_); }
  else               { pu64(u/d38_); u%=d38_; pu640(u/d19_); pu640(u%d19_); }
}

int main()
{
  pu64(0); puts("");
  pu64(d19_); puts("");
  pu64(UINT64_MAX); puts("");

  pu128(0); puts("");
  pu128(d19_); puts("");
  pu128(UINT64_MAX); puts("");
  pu128(d38_); puts("");
  pu128(UINT128_MAX); puts("");
}
$ 

C++ variant. You may use it as a template to derive specialized C-version of the function:

template< typename I >
void print_uint(I value)
{
    static_assert(std::is_unsigned< I >::value, "!");
    if (value == 0) {
        putchar_unlocked('0');
        return;
    }
    I rev = value;
    I count = 0;
    while ((rev % 10) == 0) {
        ++count;
        rev /= 10;
    }
    rev = 0;
    while (value != 0) {
        rev = (rev * 10) + (value % 10);
        value /= 10;
    }
    while (rev != 0) {
        putchar_unlocked('0' + (rev % 10));
        rev /= 10;
    }
    while (0 != count) {
        --count;
        putchar_unlocked('0');
    }
}

In my previous answer I showed how I did print 128bit numbers based on "printf()".

I have implemented a 256bit unsigned integer type uint256_t as:

typedef __uint128_t uint256_t[2];

I have implemented the operations needed, some like "sqr()" taking an __uint128_t as argument and computing uint256_t as result.

I had hexadecimal print for uint256_t, and now wanted decimal print. But currently my uint256_t has only "mod_256()", but no "div()", so "n/=10" seen in many answers was no option. I found a (slow) solution that works, and since I use prints outside timed secions only, this is acceptable. Code can be found in this gist (including compile command details):
https://gist.github.com/Hermann-SW/83c8ab9e10a0bb64d770af543ed08445

In case you run sqr.cpp with an arg, it just outputs UINT256_MAX and exits:

if (argc>1)  { pu256(UINT256_MAX); puts(""); return 0; }

$ ./sqr 1
115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935
$

The tricky part was the recursive call to go up to maximal used digit, and subtract 1st digit and output that. Recursion does the rest. Function "pu256()" used fast multiplication by 10 "mul10()":

...
void mul10(uint256_t d, uint256_t x)
{
  uint256_t t = { x[0], x[1] };
  shl_256(t, 2);
  add_256(d, x, t);
  shl_256(d, 1);
}

const uint256_t UINT256_MAX_10th = UINT256( UINT128(0x1999999999999999, 0x9999999999999999), UINT128(0x9999999999999999, 0x999999999999999A) );

void pu256_(uint256_t v, uint256_t t, const uint256_t o)
{
  if (!lt_256(v, t) && le_256(o, UINT256_MAX_10th))
  {
    uint256_t nt, no = { t[0], t[1] };
    mul10(nt, t);
    pu256_(v, nt, no);
  }
  char d = '0';
  while (le_256(o, v))
  {
    sub_256(v, v, o);
    ++d;
  }
  putchar(d);
}

void pu256(const uint256_t u)
{
  if ((u[1]==0) && (u[0]==0))  putchar('0');
  else
  {
    uint256_t v = { u[0], u[1] }, t = UINT256( 0, 10 ), o = UINT256( 0, 1 );
    pu256_(v, t, o);
  }
}
...

As said, this approach only makes sense for integer type missing division operation.

This is for C++ but I'll leave it here since I haven't found a C++ version of this question for unsigned 128-bit ints.

Here's a simple, readable way to convert a uint128 to a base-10 string (which you can then print or do whatever you'd like with):

std::string toString(__uint128_t num) {
    std::string str;
    do {
        int digit = num % 10;
        str = std::to_string(digit) + str;
        num = (num - digit) / 10;
    } while (num != 0);
    return str;
}

If needed, we can make it several times faster by getting the digits in larger chunks instead of one at a time. But it requires us to check each chunk for any leading zeroes that have been lost and add them back in:

std::string toString(__uint128_t num) {
    auto tenPow19 = 10000000000000000000;
    std::string str;
    do {
        uint64_t digits = num % tenPow19;
        auto digitsStr = std::to_string(digits);
        auto leading0s = (digits != num) ? std::string(19 - digitsStr.length(), '0') : "";
        str = leading0s + digitsStr + str;
        num = (num - digits) / tenPow19;
    } while (num != 0);
    return str;
}

You can redefine operators cin and cout for work with __int128_t. You should only convert __int128_t to strings and cin/cout strings

typedef __int128_t lint;

istream& operator >> (istream &in, lint &x) {
    string s;
    in >> s;
    for (lint i = s.size() - 1, p = 1; i >= 0; i--, p *= 10) x += p * (s[i] - '0');
    return in;
}

ostream& operator << (ostream &out, lint x) {
    string s;
    while (x > 0) {
        s.push_back(x % 10 + '0');
        x /= 10;
    }
    reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
    out << s;
    return out;
}