These configurations worked in January of 2020 on my new machine build:
(1 - x64 only) Windows 10 x64, Office 365 x64, AccessDatabaseEngine_x64 2016 installed with /passive argument, VStudio build settings set to x64 explicitly, with the following connection string: Provider= Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.16.0; Data Source=D:...\MyDatabase.accdb
(2 - x64 or x32) Windows 10 x64, Office 365 x64, AccessDatabaseEngine_x64 2016 installed with /passive argument, PLUS AccessDatabaseEngine 2010 (32bit) installed with /passive argument, VStudio build settings set to AnyCPU, with the following connection string: Provider= Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.16.0; Data Source=D:...\MyDatabase.accdb
(3 - x32 only) Windows 10 x64, Office 365 x32, AccessDatabaseEngine 2010 (32bit) installed with /passive argument, VStudio build settings set to x86, with the following connection string: Provider= Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0; Data Source=D:...\MyDatabase.accdb
FAILURE NOTES
Using the ACE.OLEDB.12.0 x64 provider in the connection string failed with only the AccessDatabaseEngine_x64 2016 installed as above in (1).
Using AnyCPU in the visual studio build settings failed in (1). Setting x64 is required. Maybe this is because AnyCPU means that Vstudio must see an x32 ACE.OLEDB.nn.0 provider at compile time.
The ACE.OLEDB.12.0 2016 x32 /passive engine would NOT install when it saw x64 applications around. (The ACE.OLEDB.12.0 2010 x32 /passive installer worked.)
CONCLUSIONS
To use x64 build settings, you need to have the 2016 x64 database engine AND the ACE.OLEDB.16.0 connection-string provider AND explicit x64 build settings to work with Office 365 in January of 2020. Using the /passive option makes installations easy. Credit to whoever posted that tip!
To use AnyCPU, I needed to have both the ACE.OLEDB.12.0 2010 x32 engine and the ACE.OLEDB.16.0 x64 engines installed. That way Vstudio could see both x32 and x64 engines at "AnyCPU" compile time. I could change the provider connection string to ACE.OLEDB.12.0 for x32 operation or to ACE.OLEDB.16.0 for x64 operation. Both worked fine.
To use x86 build settings, you need to have the 2010 x32 database engine AND the ACE.OLEDB.12.0 connection-string provider AND explicit x86 build settings to work with Office 365 x32 in January of 2020.