Arithmetic bit-shift on a signed integer

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I am trying to figure out how exactly arithmetic bit-shift operators work in C, and how it will affect signed 32-bit integers.

To make things simple, let's say we work within one byte (8 bits):

x = 1101.0101
MSB[ 1101.0101 ]LSB

Reading other posts on Stack Overflow and some websites, I found that: << will shift toward MSB (to the left, in my case), and fill "empty" LSB bits with 0s.

And >> will shift toward LSB (to the right, in my case) and fill "empty" bits with MS bit

So, x = x << 7 will result in moving LSB to MSB, and setting everything to 0s.

1000.0000

Now, let's say I would >> 7, last result. This would result in [0000.0010]? Am I right?

Am I right about my assumptions about shift operators?

I just tested on my machine, **

int x = 1;   //000000000......01

x = x << 31; //100000000......00

x = x >> 31; //111111111......11 (Everything is filled with 1s !!!!!)

Why?

bit-shift bit-manipulation c
6 Answers

As of c++20 the bitwise shift operators for signed integers are well defined.

The left shift a<<b is equivalent to a*2^b modulus 2^N where N is the number of bits in the resulting type. In particular 1<<31 is in fact the smallest int value.

The right shift a>>b is equivalent to a/2^b, rounded down (ie. towards negative infinity). So e.g. -1>>10 == -1.

For some more details see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_arithmetic .

(for the older standards see the answer by Matthew Slattery)

user_13652600

On my i7:

uint64_t:

0xffffffffffffffff >> 0 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 1 is 0b0111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 2 is 0b0011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 3 is 0b0001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 4 is 0b0000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 62 is 0b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011
0xffffffffffffffff >> 63 is 0b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
0xffffffffffffffff >> 64 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 65 is 0b0111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 66 is 0b0011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

int64_t -1

0xffffffffffffffff >> 0 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 1 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 2 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 3 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 4 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 62 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 63 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 64 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 65 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0xffffffffffffffff >> 66 is 0b1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

int64_t 2^63-1

0x7fffffffffffffff >> 0 is 0b0111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 1 is 0b0011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 2 is 0b0001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 3 is 0b0000111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 4 is 0b0000011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 62 is 0b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 63 is 0b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 64 is 0b0111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 65 is 0b0011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0x7fffffffffffffff >> 66 is 0b0001111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
user_8726160
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