How do I get bit-by-bit data from an integer value in C?

If you want the k-th bit of n, then do

(n & ( 1 << k )) >> k

Here we create a mask, apply the mask to n, and then right shift the masked value to get just the bit we want. We could write it out more fully as:

    int mask =  1 << k;
    int masked_n = n & mask;
    int thebit = masked_n >> k;

You can read more about bit-masking here.

Here is a program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int *get_bits(int n, int bitswanted){
  int *bits = malloc(sizeof(int) * bitswanted);

  int k;
  for(k=0; k<bitswanted; k++){
    int mask =  1 << k;
    int masked_n = n & mask;
    int thebit = masked_n >> k;
    bits[k] = thebit;
  }

  return bits;
}

int main(){
  int n=7;

  int  bitswanted = 5;

  int *bits = get_bits(n, bitswanted);

  printf("%d = ", n);

  int i;
  for(i=bitswanted-1; i>=0;i--){
    printf("%d ", bits[i]);
  }

  printf("\n");
}

Here's one way to do it—there are many others:

bool b[4];
int v = 7;  // number to dissect

for (int j = 0;  j < 4;  ++j)
   b [j] =  0 != (v & (1 << j));

It is hard to understand why use of a loop is not desired, but it is easy enough to unroll the loop:

bool b[4];
int v = 7;  // number to dissect

b [0] =  0 != (v & (1 << 0));
b [1] =  0 != (v & (1 << 1));
b [2] =  0 != (v & (1 << 2));
b [3] =  0 != (v & (1 << 3));

Or evaluating constant expressions in the last four statements:

b [0] =  0 != (v & 1);
b [1] =  0 != (v & 2);
b [2] =  0 != (v & 4);
b [3] =  0 != (v & 8);

Here's a very simple way to do it;

int main()
{
    int s=7,l=1;
    vector <bool> v;
    v.clear();
    while (l <= 4)
    {
        v.push_back(s%2);
        s /= 2;
        l++;
    }
    for (l=(v.size()-1); l >= 0; l--)
    {
        cout<<v[l]<<" ";
    }
    return 0;
}