A survey of existing answers
You ask if there is "a more efficient way". But what do you mean by efficient and what are your requirements?
Potatoswatter's answer works in O(N²) time with O(1) additional space and doesn't mutate the reordering vector.
chmike and rcgldr give answers which use O(N) time with O(1) additional space, but they achieve this by mutating the reordering vector.
Your original answer allocates new space and then copies data into it while Tim MB suggests using move semantics. However, moving still requires a place to move things to and an object like an std::string has both a length variable and a pointer. In other words, a move-based solution requires O(N) allocations for any objects and O(1) allocations for the new vector itself. I explain why this is important below.
Preserving the reordering vector
We might want that reordering vector! Sorting costs O(N log N). But, if you know you'll be sorting several vectors in the same way, such as in a Structure of Arrays (SoA) context, you can sort once and then reuse the results. This can save a lot of time.
You might also want to sort and then unsort data. Having the reordering vector allows you to do this. A use case here is for performing genomic sequencing on GPUs where maximal speed efficiency is obtained by having sequences of similar lengths processed in batches. We cannot rely on the user providing sequences in this order so we sort and then unsort.
So, what if we want the best of all worlds: O(N) processing without the costs of additional allocation but also without mutating our ordering vector (which we might, after all, want to reuse)? To find that world, we need to ask:
Why is extra space bad?
There are two reasons you might not want to allocate additional space.
The first is that you don't have much space to work with. This can occur in two situations: you're on an embedded device with limited memory. Usually this means you're working with small datasets, so the O(N²) solution is probably fine here. But it can also happen when you are working with really large datasets. In this case O(N²) is unacceptable and you have to use one of the O(N) mutating solutions.
The other reason extra space is bad is because allocation is expensive. For smaller datasets it can cost more than the actual computation. Thus, one way to achieve efficiency is to eliminate allocation.
Outline
When we mutate the ordering vector we are doing so as a way to indicate whether elements are in their permuted positions. Rather than doing this, we could use a bit-vector to indicate that same information. However, if we allocate the bit vector each time that would be expensive.
Instead, we could clear the bit vector each time by resetting it to zero. However, that incurs an additional O(N) cost per function use.
Rather, we can store a "version" value in a vector and increment this on each function use. This gives us O(1) access, O(1) clear, and an amoritzed allocation cost. This works similarly to a persistent data structure. The downside is that if we use an ordering function too often the version counter needs to be reset, though the O(N) cost of doing so is amortized.
This raises the question: what is the optimal data type for the version vector? A bit-vector maximizes cache utilization but requires a full O(N) reset after each use. A 64-bit data type probably never needs to be reset, but has poor cache utilization. Experimenting is the best way to figure this out.
Two types of permutations
We can view an ordering vector as having two senses: forward and backward. In the forward sense, the vector tell us where elements go to. In the backward sense, the vector tells us where elements are coming from. Since the ordering vector is implicitly a linked list, the backward sense requires O(N) additional space, but, again, we can amortize the allocation cost. Applying the two senses sequentially brings us back to our original ordering.
Performance
Running single-threaded on my "Intel(R) Xeon(R) E-2176M CPU @ 2.70GHz", the following code takes about 0.81ms per reordering for sequences 32,767 elements long.
Code
Fully commented code for both senses with tests:
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <random>
#include <stack>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
///@brief Reorder a vector by moving its elements to indices indicted by another
/// vector. Takes O(N) time and O(N) space. Allocations are amoritzed.
///
///@param[in,out] values Vector to be reordered
///@param[in] ordering A permutation of the vector
///@param[in,out] visited A black-box vector to be reused between calls and
/// shared with with `backward_reorder()`
template<class ValueType, class OrderingType, class ProgressType>
void forward_reorder(
std::vector<ValueType> &values,
const std::vector<OrderingType> &ordering,
std::vector<ProgressType> &visited
){
if(ordering.size()!=values.size()){
throw std::runtime_error("ordering and values must be the same size!");
}
//Size the visited vector appropriately. Since vectors don't shrink, this will
//shortly become large enough to handle most of the inputs. The vector is 1
//larger than necessary because the first element is special.
if(visited.empty() || visited.size()-1<values.size());
visited.resize(values.size()+1);
//If the visitation indicator becomes too large, we reset everything. This is
//O(N) expensive, but unlikely to occur in most use cases if an appropriate
//data type is chosen for the visited vector. For instance, an unsigned 32-bit
//integer provides ~4B uses before it needs to be reset. We subtract one below
//to avoid having to think too much about off-by-one errors. Note that
//choosing the biggest data type possible is not necessarily a good idea!
//Smaller data types will have better cache utilization.
if(visited.at(0)==std::numeric_limits<ProgressType>::max()-1)
std::fill(visited.begin(), visited.end(), 0);
//We increment the stored visited indicator and make a note of the result. Any
//value in the visited vector less than `visited_indicator` has not been
//visited.
const auto visited_indicator = ++visited.at(0);
//For doing an early exit if we get everything in place
auto remaining = values.size();
//For all elements that need to be placed
for(size_t s=0;s<ordering.size() && remaining>0;s++){
assert(visited[s+1]<=visited_indicator);
//Ignore already-visited elements
if(visited[s+1]==visited_indicator)
continue;
//Don't rearrange if we don't have to
if(s==visited[s])
continue;
//Follow this cycle, putting elements in their places until we get back
//around. Use move semantics for speed.
auto temp = std::move(values[s]);
auto i = s;
for(;s!=(size_t)ordering[i];i=ordering[i],--remaining){
std::swap(temp, values[ordering[i]]);
visited[i+1] = visited_indicator;
}
std::swap(temp, values[s]);
visited[i+1] = visited_indicator;
}
}
///@brief Reorder a vector by moving its elements to indices indicted by another
/// vector. Takes O(2N) time and O(2N) space. Allocations are amoritzed.
///
///@param[in,out] values Vector to be reordered
///@param[in] ordering A permutation of the vector
///@param[in,out] visited A black-box vector to be reused between calls and
/// shared with with `forward_reorder()`
template<class ValueType, class OrderingType, class ProgressType>
void backward_reorder(
std::vector<ValueType> &values,
const std::vector<OrderingType> &ordering,
std::vector<ProgressType> &visited
){
//The orderings form a linked list. We need O(N) memory to reverse a linked
//list. We use `thread_local` so that the function is reentrant.
thread_local std::stack<OrderingType> stack;
if(ordering.size()!=values.size()){
throw std::runtime_error("ordering and values must be the same size!");
}
//Size the visited vector appropriately. Since vectors don't shrink, this will
//shortly become large enough to handle most of the inputs. The vector is 1
//larger than necessary because the first element is special.
if(visited.empty() || visited.size()-1<values.size());
visited.resize(values.size()+1);
//If the visitation indicator becomes too large, we reset everything. This is
//O(N) expensive, but unlikely to occur in most use cases if an appropriate
//data type is chosen for the visited vector. For instance, an unsigned 32-bit
//integer provides ~4B uses before it needs to be reset. We subtract one below
//to avoid having to think too much about off-by-one errors. Note that
//choosing the biggest data type possible is not necessarily a good idea!
//Smaller data types will have better cache utilization.
if(visited.at(0)==std::numeric_limits<ProgressType>::max()-1)
std::fill(visited.begin(), visited.end(), 0);
//We increment the stored visited indicator and make a note of the result. Any
//value in the visited vector less than `visited_indicator` has not been
//visited.
const auto visited_indicator = ++visited.at(0);
//For doing an early exit if we get everything in place
auto remaining = values.size();
//For all elements that need to be placed
for(size_t s=0;s<ordering.size() && remaining>0;s++){
assert(visited[s+1]<=visited_indicator);
//Ignore already-visited elements
if(visited[s+1]==visited_indicator)
continue;
//Don't rearrange if we don't have to
if(s==visited[s])
continue;
//The orderings form a linked list. We need to follow that list to its end
//in order to reverse it.
stack.emplace(s);
for(auto i=s;s!=(size_t)ordering[i];i=ordering[i]){
stack.emplace(ordering[i]);
}
//Now we follow the linked list in reverse to its beginning, putting
//elements in their places. Use move semantics for speed.
auto temp = std::move(values[s]);
while(!stack.empty()){
std::swap(temp, values[stack.top()]);
visited[stack.top()+1] = visited_indicator;
stack.pop();
--remaining;
}
visited[s+1] = visited_indicator;
}
}
int main(){
std::mt19937 gen;
std::uniform_int_distribution<short> value_dist(0,std::numeric_limits<short>::max());
std::uniform_int_distribution<short> len_dist (0,std::numeric_limits<short>::max());
std::vector<short> data;
std::vector<short> ordering;
std::vector<short> original;
std::vector<size_t> progress;
for(int i=0;i<1000;i++){
const int len = len_dist(gen);
data.clear();
ordering.clear();
for(int i=0;i<len;i++){
data.push_back(value_dist(gen));
ordering.push_back(i);
}
original = data;
std::shuffle(ordering.begin(), ordering.end(), gen);
forward_reorder(data, ordering, progress);
assert(original!=data);
backward_reorder(data, ordering, progress);
assert(original==data);
}
}
