Array index out of bound behavior

The problem is that C/C++ doesn't actually do any boundary checking with regards to arrays. It depends on the OS to ensure that you are accessing valid memory.

In this particular case, you are declaring a stack based array. Depending upon the particular implementation, accessing outside the bounds of the array will simply access another part of the already allocated stack space (most OS's and threads reserve a certain portion of memory for stack). As long as you just happen to be playing around in the pre-allocated stack space, everything will not crash (note i did not say work).

What's happening on the last line is that you have now accessed beyond the part of memory that is allocated for the stack. As a result you are indexing into a part of memory that is not allocated to your process or is allocated in a read only fashion. The OS sees this and sends a seg fault to the process.

This is one of the reasons that C/C++ is so dangerous when it comes to boundary checking.

The segfault is not an intended action of your C program that would tell you that an index is out of bounds. Rather, it is an unintended consequence of undefined behavior.

In C and C++, if you declare an array like

type name[size];

You are only allowed to access elements with indexes from 0 up to size-1. Anything outside of that range causes undefined behavior. If the index was near the range, most probably you read your own program's memory. If the index was largely out of range, most probably your program will be killed by the operating system. But you can't know, anything can happen.

Why does C allow that? Well, the basic gist of C and C++ is to not provide features if they cost performance. C and C++ has been used for ages for highly performance critical systems. C has been used as a implementation language for kernels and programs where access out of array bounds can be useful to get fast access to objects that lie adjacent in memory. Having the compiler forbid this would be for naught.

Why doesn't it warn about that? Well, you can put warning levels high and hope for the compiler's mercy. This is called quality of implementation (QoI). If some compiler uses open behavior (like, undefined behavior) to do something good, it has a good quality of implementation in that regard.

[js@HOST2 cpp]$ gcc -Wall -O2 main.c
main.c: In function 'main':
main.c:3: warning: array subscript is above array bounds
[js@HOST2 cpp]$

If it instead would format your hard disk upon seeing the array accessed out of bounds - which would be legal for it - the quality of implementation would be rather bad. I enjoyed to read about that stuff in the ANSI C Rationale document.

You generally only get a segmentation fault if you try to access memory your process doesn't own.

What you're seeing in the case of a[11] (and a[10] by the way) is memory that your process does own but doesn't belong to the a[] array. a[25000] is so far from a[], it's probably outside your memory altogether.

Changing a[11] is far more insidious as it silently affects a different variable (or the stack frame which may cause a different segmentation fault when your function returns).

C isn't doing this. The OS's virtual memeory subsystem is.

In the case where you are only slightly out-of-bound you are addressing memeory that is allocated for your program (on the stack call stack in this case). In the case where you are far out-of-bounds you are addressing memory not given over to your program and the OS is throwing a segmentation fault.

On some systems there is also a OS enforced concept of "writeable" memory, and you might be trying to write to memeory that you own but is marked unwriteable.

Just to add what other people are saying, you cannot rely on the program simply crashing in these cases, there is no gurantee of what will happen if you attempt to access a memory location beyond the "bounds of the array." It's just the same as if you did something like:

int *p;
p = 135;

*p = 14;

That is just random; this might work. It might not. Don't do it. Code to prevent these sorts of problems.

As litb mentioned, some compilers can detect some out-of-bounds array accesses at compile time. But bounds checking at compile time won't catch everything:

int a[10];
int i = some_complicated_function();
printf("%d\n", a[i]);

To detect this, runtime checks would have to be used, and they're avoided in C because of their performance impact. Even with knowledge of a's array size at compile time, i.e. sizeof(a), it can't protect against that without inserting a runtime check.

As I understand the question and comments, you understand why bad things can happen when you access memory out of bounds, but you're wondering why your particular compiler didn't warn you.

Compilers are allowed to warn you, and many do at the highest warning levels. However the standard is written to allow people to run compilers for all sorts of devices, and compilers with all sorts of features so the standard requires the least it can while guaranteeing people can do useful work.

There are a few times the standard requires that a certain coding style will generate a diagnostic. There are several other times where the standard does not require a diagnostic. Even when a diagnostic is required I'm not aware of any place where the standard says what the exact wording should be.

But you're not completely out in the cold here. If your compiler doesn't warn you, Lint may. Additionally, there are a number of tools to detect such problems (at run time) for arrays on the heap, one of the more famous being Electric Fence (or DUMA). But even Electric Fence doesn't guarantee it will catch all overrun errors.

That's not a C issue its an operating system issue. You're program has been granted a certain memory space and anything you do inside of that is fine. The segmentation fault only happens when you access memory outside of your process space.

Not all operating systems have seperate address spaces for each proces, in which case you can corrupt the state of another process or of the operating system with no warning.

As JaredPar said, C/C++ doesn't always perform range checking. If your program accesses a memory location outside your allocated array, your program may crash, or it may not because it is accessing some other variable on the stack.

To answer your question about sizeof operator in C: You can reliably use sizeof(array)/size(array[0]) to determine array size, but using it doesn't mean the compiler will perform any range checking.

My research showed that C/C++ developers believe that you shouldn't pay for something you don't use, and they trust the programmers to know what they are doing. (see accepted answer to this: Accessing an array out of bounds gives no error, why?)

If you can use C++ instead of C, maybe use vector? You can use vector[] when you need the performance (but no range checking) or, more preferably, use vector.at() (which has range checking at the cost of performance). Note that vector doesn't automatically increase capacity if it is full: to be safe, use push_back(), which automatically increases capacity if necessary.

More information on vector: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/vector/vector/