How do I display the binary representation of a float or double?

C/C++ is easy.

union ufloat {
  float f;
  unsigned u;
};

ufloat u1;
u1.f = 0.3f;

Then you just output u1.u. You can adapt this implementation.

Doubles just as easy.

union udouble {
  double d;
  unsigned long u;
}

because doubles are 64 bit.

Java is a bit easier: use Float.floatToRawIntBits() combined with Integer.toBinaryString() and Double.doubleToRawLongBits combined with Long.toBinaryString().

Java: a google search finds this link on Sun's forums

specifically (I haven't tried this myself)

long binary = Double.doubleToLongBits(3.14159);
String strBinary = Long.toBinaryString(binary);

In .NET (including C#), you have BitConverter that accepts many types, allowing access to the raw binary; to get the hex, ToString("x2") is the most common option (perhaps wrapped in a utility method):

    byte[] raw = BitConverter.GetBytes(123.45);
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(raw.Length * 2);
    foreach (byte b in raw)
    {
        sb.Append(b.ToString("x2"));
    }
    Console.WriteLine(sb);

Oddly, base-64 has a 1-line conversion (Convert.ToBase64String), but base-16 takes more effort. Unless you reference Microsoft.VisualBasic, in which case:

long tmp = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(123.45);
string hex = Microsoft.VisualBasic.Conversion.Hex(tmp);

I did it this way:

/*
@(#)File:           $RCSfile: dumpdblflt.c,v $
@(#)Version:        $Revision: 1.1 $
@(#)Last changed:   $Date: 2007/09/05 22:23:33 $
@(#)Purpose:        Print C double and float data in bytes etc.
@(#)Author:         J Leffler
@(#)Copyright:      (C) JLSS 2007
@(#)Product:        :PRODUCT:
*/

/*TABSTOP=4*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include "imageprt.h"

#ifndef lint
/* Prevent over-aggressive optimizers from eliminating ID string */
extern const char jlss_id_dumpdblflt_c[];
const char jlss_id_dumpdblflt_c[] = "@(#)$Id: dumpdblflt.c,v 1.1 2007/09/05 22:23:33 jleffler Exp $";
#endif /* lint */

union u_double
{
    double  dbl;
    char    data[sizeof(double)];
};

union u_float
{
    float   flt;
    char    data[sizeof(float)];
};

static void dump_float(union u_float f)
{
    int exp;
    long mant;

    printf("32-bit float: sign: %d, ", (f.data[0] & 0x80) >> 7);
    exp = ((f.data[0] & 0x7F) << 1) | ((f.data[1] & 0x80) >> 7);
    printf("expt: %4d (unbiassed %5d), ", exp, exp - 127);
    mant = ((((f.data[1] & 0x7F) << 8) | (f.data[2] & 0xFF)) << 8) | (f.data[3] & 0xFF);
    printf("mant: %16ld (0x%06lX)\n", mant, mant);
}

static void dump_double(union u_double d)
{
    int exp;
    long long mant;

    printf("64-bit float: sign: %d, ", (d.data[0] & 0x80) >> 7);
    exp = ((d.data[0] & 0x7F) << 4) | ((d.data[1] & 0xF0) >> 4);
    printf("expt: %4d (unbiassed %5d), ", exp, exp - 1023);
    mant = ((((d.data[1] & 0x0F) << 8) | (d.data[2] & 0xFF)) << 8) |
              (d.data[3] & 0xFF);
    mant = (mant << 32) | ((((((d.data[4] & 0xFF) << 8) |
              (d.data[5] & 0xFF)) << 8) | (d.data[6] & 0xFF)) << 8) |
              (d.data[7] & 0xFF);
    printf("mant: %16lld (0x%013llX)\n", mant, mant);
}

static void print_value(double v)
{
    union u_double d;
    union u_float  f;

    f.flt = v;
    d.dbl = v;

    printf("SPARC: float/double of %g\n", v);
    image_print(stdout, 0, f.data, sizeof(f.data));
    image_print(stdout, 0, d.data, sizeof(d.data));
    dump_float(f);
    dump_double(d);
}


int main(void)
{
    print_value(+1.0);
    print_value(+2.0);
    print_value(+3.0);
    print_value( 0.0);
    print_value(-3.0);
    print_value(+3.1415926535897932);
    print_value(+1e126);
    return(0);
}

Running on a SUN UltraSPARC, I got:

SPARC: float/double of 1
0x0000: 3F 80 00 00                                       ?...
0x0000: 3F F0 00 00 00 00 00 00                           ?.......
32-bit float: sign: 0, expt:  127 (unbiassed     0), mant:                0 (0x000000)
64-bit float: sign: 0, expt: 1023 (unbiassed     0), mant:                0 (0x0000000000000)
SPARC: float/double of 2
0x0000: 40 00 00 00                                       @...
0x0000: 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           @.......
32-bit float: sign: 0, expt:  128 (unbiassed     1), mant:                0 (0x000000)
64-bit float: sign: 0, expt: 1024 (unbiassed     1), mant:                0 (0x0000000000000)
SPARC: float/double of 3
0x0000: 40 40 00 00                                       @@..
0x0000: 40 08 00 00 00 00 00 00                           @.......
32-bit float: sign: 0, expt:  128 (unbiassed     1), mant:          4194304 (0x400000)
64-bit float: sign: 0, expt: 1024 (unbiassed     1), mant: 2251799813685248 (0x8000000000000)
SPARC: float/double of 0
0x0000: 00 00 00 00                                       ....
0x0000: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                           ........
32-bit float: sign: 0, expt:    0 (unbiassed  -127), mant:                0 (0x000000)
64-bit float: sign: 0, expt:    0 (unbiassed -1023), mant:                0 (0x0000000000000)
SPARC: float/double of -3
0x0000: C0 40 00 00                                       .@..
0x0000: C0 08 00 00 00 00 00 00                           ........
32-bit float: sign: 1, expt:  128 (unbiassed     1), mant:          4194304 (0x400000)
64-bit float: sign: 1, expt: 1024 (unbiassed     1), mant: 2251799813685248 (0x8000000000000)
SPARC: float/double of 3.14159
0x0000: 40 49 0F DB                                       @I..
0x0000: 40 09 21 FB 54 44 2D 18                           @.!.TD-.
32-bit float: sign: 0, expt:  128 (unbiassed     1), mant:          4788187 (0x490FDB)
64-bit float: sign: 0, expt: 1024 (unbiassed     1), mant: 2570638124657944 (0x921FB54442D18)
SPARC: float/double of 1e+126
0x0000: 7F 80 00 00                                       ....
0x0000: 5A 17 A2 EC C4 14 A0 3F                           Z......?
32-bit float: sign: 0, expt:  255 (unbiassed   128), mant:                0 (0x000000)
64-bit float: sign: 0, expt: 1441 (unbiassed   418), mant:      -1005281217 (0xFFFFFFFFC414A03F)

Well both the Float and Double class (in Java) have a toHexString('float') method so pretty much this would do for hex conversion

Double.toHexString(42344);
Float.toHexString(42344);

Easy as pie!

You can easy convert float variable to int variable (or double to long) using such code in C#:

float f = ...;   
unsafe
{
    int i = *(int*)&f;
}

For future reference, C++ 2a introduce a new function template bit_cast that does the job.

template< class To, class From >
constexpr To bit_cast(const From& from) noexcept;

We can simply call,

float f = 3.14;
std::bit_cast<int>(f);

For more details, see https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/numeric/bit_cast

In C++ you can show the binary representation it in this way:

template <class T>
std::bitset<sizeof(T)*8> binary_representation(const T& f)
{
   typedef unsigned long TempType;
   assert(sizeof(T)<=sizeof(TempType));
   return std::bitset<sizeof(T)*8>(*(reinterpret_cast<const TempType*>(&f)));
}

the limit here is due the fact that bitset longer parameter is an unsigned long, so it works up to float, you can use something else than bitset and the extend that assert.

BTW, cletus suggestion fails in the sense that you need an "unsingned long long" to cover a double, anyway you need something that shows the binary (1 or 0) representation.