Or you could check out the freeware StampVer for Win32 exe/dll files.
It will only change the file and product versions though if they have a version resource already. It cannot add a version resource if one doesn’t exist.

What about something like this?

verpatch /va foodll.dll %VERSION% %FILEDESCR% %COMPINFO% %PRODINFO% %BUILDINFO%

Available here with full sources.

There are multiple tools, mentioned by many great answers, I'm going to pick one.

Resource Hacker

I downloaded latest version (5.1.7) from [AngusJ]: Resource Hacker. All the needed information can be found on that page (command line options, scripts, ...). In the following walkthrough I'm going to operate on 2 executables (lab rats) which (for obvious reasons) I've copied in my cwd:

• ResourceHacker.exe: I thought it would be interesting to operate on itself
• cmake.exe: random executable with no Version Info set (part of v3.6.3 installation on my machine)

Before going further, I want to mention that ResourceHacker has a funny terminal output, and the the following copy / paste fragments might generate a bit of confusion.

1. Setup

This is more like a preliminary step, to get acquainted with the environment, to show there's no funky business going on, ...

e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258> sopr.bat
*** Set shorter prompt to better fit when pasted in StackOverflow (or other) pages ***

[prompt]> dir
 Volume in drive E is Work
 Volume Serial Number is 3655-6FED

 Directory of e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258

2019-01-28  20:09    <DIR>          .
2019-01-28  20:09    <DIR>          ..
2016-11-03  09:17         5,413,376 cmake.exe
2019-01-03  02:06         5,479,424 ResourceHacker.exe
2019-01-28  20:30               496 ResourceHacker.ini
               3 File(s)     10,893,296 bytes
               2 Dir(s)  103,723,261,952 bytes free

[prompt]> set PATH=%PATH%;c:\Install\x64\CMake\CMake\3.6.3\bin

[prompt]> .\cmake --help >nul 2>&1

[prompt]> echo %errorlevel%
0

[prompt]> .\ResourceHacker.exe -help

[prompt]>

==================================
Resource Hacker Command Line Help:
==================================

-help             : displays these abbreviated help instructions.
-help commandline : displays help for single commandline instructions
-help script      : displays help for script file instructions.




[prompt]> echo %errorlevel%
0

As seen, the executables are OK, they run fine, and here's how their Details (that we care about) look like:

2. Resources

Resource files are text files that contain resources. A resource (simplified) has:

• Name
• Type
• Value

For more details check [MS.Docs]: About Resource Files. There are many tools (mentioned in existing answers) that facilitate resource file editing like:

• VStudio creates a default one when starting a new project
• One can create such a file manually

• But, since it's about Resource Hacker, and:

  • It is able to extract resources from an existing executable
  • It has resources embedded in it (as shown in the previous picture)

  I'm going to use it for this step (-action extract)

Next, In order for a resource to be embedded into an .exe (.dll, ...) it must be compiled to a binary form, which fits into the PE format. Again, there are lots of tools who can achieve this, but as you probably guessed I'm going to stick to Resource Hacker (-action compile).

[prompt]> :: Extract the resources into a file
[prompt]> .\ResourceHacker.exe -open .\ResourceHacker.exe -save .\sample.rc -action extract -mask VersionInfo,, -log con

[prompt]>

[28 Jan 2019, 20:58:03]

Current Directory:
e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258

Commandline:
.\ResourceHacker.exe  -open .\ResourceHacker.exe -save .\sample.rc -action extract -mask VersionInfo,, -log con

Open    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\ResourceHacker.exe
Save    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\sample.rc


Success!

[prompt]> :: Modify the resource file and set our own values
[prompt]>
[prompt]> :: Compile the resource file
[prompt]> .\ResourceHacker.exe -open .\sample.rc -save .\sample.res -action compile -log con

[prompt]>

[28 Jan 2019, 20:59:51]

Current Directory:
e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258

Commandline:
.\ResourceHacker.exe  -open .\sample.rc -save .\sample.res -action compile -log con

Open    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\sample.rc
Save    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\sample.res

Compiling: e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\sample.rc
Success!

[prompt]> dir /b
cmake.exe
ResourceHacker.exe
ResourceHacker.ini
sample.rc
sample.res

In your case saving and editing the resource file won't be necessary, as the file will already be present, I just did it for demonstrating purposes. Below it's the resource file after being modified (and thus before being compiled).

sample.rc:

1 VERSIONINFO
FILEVERSION 3,1,4,1592
PRODUCTVERSION 2,7,1,8
FILEOS 0x4
FILETYPE 0x1
{
BLOCK "StringFileInfo"
{
    BLOCK "040904E4"
    {
        VALUE "CompanyName", "Cristi Fati\0"
        VALUE "FileDescription", "20190128 - SO q000284258 demo\0"
        VALUE "FileVersion", "3.1.4.1592\0"
        VALUE "ProductName", "Colonel Panic\0"
        VALUE "InternalName", "100\0"
        VALUE "LegalCopyright", "(c) Cristi Fati 1999-2999\0"
        VALUE "OriginalFilename", "ResHack\0"
        VALUE "ProductVersion", "2.7.1.8\0"
    }
}

BLOCK "VarFileInfo"
{
    VALUE "Translation", 0x0409 0x04E4  
}
}

3. Embed

This will also be performed by Resource Hacker (-action addoverwrite). Since the .exes are already copied I'm going to edit their resources in place.

[prompt]> .\ResourceHacker.exe -open .\cmake.exe -save .\cmake.exe -res .\sample.res -action addoverwrite -mask VersionInfo,, -log con

[prompt]>

[28 Jan 2019, 21:17:19]

Current Directory:
e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258

Commandline:
.\ResourceHacker.exe  -open .\cmake.exe -save .\cmake.exe -res .\sample.res -action addoverwrite -mask VersionInfo,, -log con

Open    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\cmake.exe
Save    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\cmake.exe
Resource: e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\sample.res

  Added: VERSIONINFO,1,1033

Success!

[prompt]> copy ResourceHacker.exe ResourceHackerTemp.exe
        1 file(s) copied.

[prompt]> .\ResourceHackerTemp.exe -open .\ResourceHacker.exe -save .\ResourceHacker.exe -res .\sample.res -action addoverwrite -mask VersionInfo,, -log con

[prompt]>

[28 Jan 2019, 21:19:29]

Current Directory:
e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258

Commandline:
.\ResourceHackerTemp.exe  -open .\ResourceHacker.exe -save .\ResourceHacker.exe -res .\sample.res -action addoverwrite -mask VersionInfo,, -log con

Open    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\ResourceHacker.exe
Save    : e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\ResourceHacker.exe
Resource: e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258\sample.res

  Modified: VERSIONINFO,1,1033

Success!

[prompt]> del /f /q ResourceHackerTemp.*

[prompt]> dir
 Volume in drive E is Work
 Volume Serial Number is 3655-6FED

 Directory of e:\Work\Dev\StackOverflow\q000284258

2019-01-28  21:20    <DIR>          .
2019-01-28  21:20    <DIR>          ..
2016-11-03  09:17         5,414,400 cmake.exe
2019-01-03  02:06         5,479,424 ResourceHacker.exe
2019-01-28  21:17               551 ResourceHacker.ini
2019-01-28  20:05             1,156 sample.rc
2019-01-28  20:59               792 sample.res
               5 File(s)     10,896,323 bytes
               2 Dir(s)  103,723,253,760 bytes free

As seen, I had to d a little trick (gainarie) as I can't (at least I don't think I can) modify the .exe while in use.

4. Test

This is an optional phase, to make sure that:

• The executables still work (they weren't messed up in the process)
• The resources have been added / updated

[prompt]> .\cmake --help >nul 2>&1

[prompt]> echo %errorlevel%
0

[prompt]> .\ResourceHacker.exe -help

[prompt]>

==================================
Resource Hacker Command Line Help:
==================================

-help             : displays these abbreviated help instructions.
-help commandline : displays help for single commandline instructions
-help script      : displays help for script file instructions.




[prompt]> echo %errorlevel%
0

And their Details:

There is this tool ChangeVersion ^[1]

List of features (from the website):

• command line interface
• support for .EXE, .DLL and .RES files
• update FileVersion and ProductVersion based on a version mask
• add/change/remove version key strings
• adjust file flags (debug, special, private etc)
• update project files ( .bdsproj | .bpr | .bpk | .dproj )
• add/change main application icon
• use ini file with configuration
• Windows Vista support (needs elevation)
• easy to integrate into a continuous build environment

Full Disclosure: I know the guy who wrote this tool, I used to work with him. But this also means that I know he makes quality software ;)

^[1] the link is dead. There seems to be mirrored version at download.cnet.com.

verpatch is good, but doesn't handle unicode characters...
try ResourceLib

the above answer from @DannyBeckett helped me a lot,

I put the following in a batch file & I place it in the same folder where ResourceHacker.exe & the EXE I work on is located & it works excellent. [you may edit it to fit your needs]

    @echo off
    :start1
    set /p newVersion=Enter version number [?.?.?.?]:
    if "%newVersion%" == "" goto start1
    :start2
    set /p file=Enter EXE name [for 'program.exe' enter 'program']:
    if "%file%" == "" goto start2
    for /f "tokens=1-4 delims=." %%a in ('echo %newVersion%') do (set ResVersion=%%a,%%b,%%c,%%d)
    (
    echo:VS_VERSION_INFO VERSIONINFO
    echo:    FILEVERSION    %ResVersion%
    echo:    PRODUCTVERSION %ResVersion%
    echo:{
    echo:    BLOCK "StringFileInfo"
    echo:    {
    echo:        BLOCK "040904b0"
    echo:        {
    echo:            VALUE "CompanyName",        "MyCompany\0"
    echo:            VALUE "FileDescription",    "TestFile\0"
    echo:            VALUE "FileVersion",        "%newVersion%\0"
    echo:            VALUE "LegalCopyright",     "COPYRIGHT © 2019 MyCompany\0"
    echo:            VALUE "OriginalFilename",   "%file%.exe\0"
    echo:            VALUE "ProductName",        "Test\0"
    echo:            VALUE "ProductVersion",     "%newVersion%\0"
    echo:        }
    echo:    }
    echo:    BLOCK "VarFileInfo"
    echo:    {
    echo:        VALUE "Translation", 0x409, 1200
    echo:    }
    echo:}
    ) >Resources.rc     &&      echo setting Resources.rc
    ResourceHacker.exe -open resources.rc -save resources.res -action compile -log CONSOLE
    ResourceHacker -open "%file%.exe" -save "%file%Res.exe" -action addoverwrite -resource "resources.res"  -log CONSOLE
    ResourceHacker.exe -open "%file%Res.exe" -save "%file%Ico.exe" -action addskip -res "%file%.ico" -mask ICONGROUP,MAINICON, -log CONSOLE
    xCopy /y /f "%file%Ico.exe" "%file%.exe"
    echo.
    echo.
    echo your compiled file %file%.exe is ready
    pause

[as a side note i used resource hacker also to compile the res file, not GoRC]

There is Resource Tuner Console from Heaventools Software.

Resource Tuner Console is a command-line tool that enables developers to automate editing of different resource types in large numbers of Windows 32- and 64-bit executable files.

See specifically the Changing Version Variables And Updating The Version Information page for greater details.

You can actually try downloading FVIE from Download Link and try editing the information for any .exe file.

(OR)

You can download StampVer – Win32 Version Resource Stamping from Download Link which is really usefull for windows .exe files.

(OR)

You could use a command tool called RCEDIT. Download from Github Source link and then build using Visual Studio 2015 and then you have specific commands to change the version of .exe files. See Docs link for various available commands.

I want to put together a more compact version

• Step 1: create resource
• Step 2: Download ResourceHacker
• Step 3: Compile res into rc files
• Step 4: Run script: modify exe

Step 1: create resource

Prepare the resource file: resource.rc

VS_VERSION_INFO VERSIONINFO
    FILEVERSION    0,0,0,0
    PRODUCTVERSION 0,0,0,0
{
    BLOCK "StringFileInfo"
    {
        BLOCK "040904b0"
        {
            VALUE "CompanyName",        "\0"
            VALUE "FileDescription",    "\0"
            VALUE "FileVersion",        "0.0.0.0\0"
            VALUE "LegalCopyright",     "© 2020 Carson. All rights reserved.\0"
            VALUE "OriginalFilename",   ".exe\0"
            VALUE "ProductName",        "\0"
            VALUE "ProductVersion",     "0.0.0.0\0"
        }
    }
    BLOCK "VarFileInfo"
    {
        VALUE "Translation", 0x0409, 1200
    }
}

• VSVersionInfo Fileds
• VarFileInfo: query langID and charsetID

Step 2: Download ResourceHacker

There have two methods that can get it.

1. Download from Chocolatey:
   • install choco
   • choco install reshack -y
   • After installation, you may need to add environment variables.
2. ResourceHacker Website

Step 3: Compile res into rc files

ResourceHacker.exe -open resources.rc -save resources.res ^
 -action compile -log CONSOLE

Step 4: Run script: modify exe

SET INPUT_EXE=app.exe
SET OUTPUT_EXE=app.exe
ResourceHacker.exe -open %OUTPUT_EXE% -save %OUTPUT_EXE% ^
 -resource resources.res ^
 -action addoverwrite ^
 -mask VersionInf ^
 -log CONSOLE

Summary Script

SET INPUT_EXE=app.exe
SET OUTPUT_EXE=app.exe

ResourceHacker.exe -open resources.rc -save resources.res ^
 -action compile -log CONSOLE

ResourceHacker.exe -open %OUTPUT_EXE% -save %OUTPUT_EXE% ^
 -resource resources.res ^
 -action addoverwrite ^
 -mask VersionInf ^
 -log CONSOLE

Reference

• ⭐resourcehacker Command Line Syntax open and search: Command Line Syntax
  (I strongly recommend that you take a look)
• Split long commands in multiple lines through Windows batch file : ^